Helminths: Immunoregulation and Inflammatory Diseases—Which Side Are Trichinella spp. and Toxocara spp. on?

Figure 1

Mechanisms involved in immunosuppression induced by helminths and its effect on allergic responses. Helminths can modulate dendritic cells (DCs) function and induce regulatory T (Treg) cells. Other cells from the regulatory network include regulatory B (Breg) cells and alternatively activated macrophages (AAMs). These cells create an immunosuppressive (⊣) environment in which increased expression of arginase 1 (Arg 1) in AAMs and the production of the cytokines IL-10 and TGF-𝛽 play an essential role in reducing allergic effector mechanisms.