Molecular Characterization and Risk Factors of Giardia duodenalis among School Children from La Habana, Cuba

Table 4

Analysis of potential risk factors associated with G. duodenalis infection among the children that participated in the present study.

Characteristics	⁢G. duodenalis		⁢Univariate		⁢Multivariate
	Negative	Positive (%)	Odds ratio (95% CI)	value	Odds ratio (95% CI)	value
Other family members infected with giardiasis
Yes	58	11 (18.9)	1.7 (0.85–3.39)	0.13	1.4 (0.63–2.27)	0.09
No	581	65 (11.2)	1		1
Source of drinking water
Safe water (chlorine-treated)	601	75 (12.5)	1		1
Unsafe water (untreated)	38	1 (2.6)	0.2 (0.03–1.56)	0.09	0.4 (0.12–1.89)	0.17
Water boiled before consumption
Yes	457	34 (7.4)	1		1
No	182	42 (13.5)	1.4 (0.75–2.7)	0.27	1.1 (0.56–2.01)	0.34
Washing hands before eating
Yes	338	31 (9.7)	1		1
No	301	45 (23.1)	1.6 (1.00–2.64)	0.04	1.3 (0.89–2.23)	0.06
Washing hands after defecation
Yes	621	74 (11.9)	1		1
No	18	2 (11.1)	1.1 (0.24–4.71)	0.92	0.9 (0.38–3.91)	0.79
Washing vegetables/fruits before consumption
Yes	498	47 (9.4)	1		1
No	141	19 (13.5)	1.2 (0.68–2.04)	0.56	1.3 (0.80–1.97)	0.61
Keeping dog(s) at home
Yes	71	33 (46.5)	2.6 (1.23–5.36)	0.004	2.1 (1.11–4.76)	0.01
No	76	12 (15.8)	1		1

Statistically significant difference.