Survey and Diagnostic Challenges after Transmission-Stop: Confirming Elimination of Schistosomiasis haematobium in Morocco

Table 1

Considered diagnostic tests for Schistosomiasis haematobium in the Moroccan survey.

Diagnostic	Test	Field	Cost/test (USD)	Evaluation	Sensitivity/specificity	Note	Ref
Clinical test	Hem test^1	+	0, 3	Iraq, Ghana, Sudan, Tanzania, Nigeria, Sub Saharan Africa	79%/98%	Morbidity test	[26]
Antibodies detection	HAMA EITB^2	_	>5	Morocco USA	95%/100%	High cost and not field-friendly	[12, 23]
	EITB/WB 23kDa^3	_	8, 8	Egypt and Morocco	50/91%	High cost and not field-friendly	[23, 24]
	ELISA-SEA^4 (soluble eggs antigen)	+	8, 8	Ghana	98.5%/83%/93%	High cost	[23, 25]
						Need laboratory
	HAI^5(whole adult worm antigen)	+	2.5	Germany, Chile and Netherlands	92%/94.7%	Acceptable	[25–26]
	DDIA^6	+	1	China	--	Need evaluation in haematobium low endemic areas	[28]
	RDT SmCTF^7	+	<3	Ivory Coast	66.7%/34.4%	Not acceptable	[29]
Antigen detection	Filtration	_	<3	Africa, Iran, Iraq		Need laboratory	[30]
	RDT filtration	+	<3	USA, Kenya	79%/95%	Field friendly and cost effectiveness, but not hygienic in large number of samples	[31]
	POC CCA^8	+	3	Cameroun, Ivory Coast Ethiopia, Kenya, Uganda	36%/78%	Not sensitive in haematobium low endemic areas	[32, 33]
				Zanzibar	99%		[30]
	PCR^9	_	8	Brazil	100%	High cost	[20, 33]

1. Urine hemedipstick, 2. Heamatobium microsomal antigen enzyme Immunotransfert Blot, 3. 23 kDa Western blot, 4. Soluble eggs antigen enzyme linkedimmunosorbent assay, 5. Hemmaglutination indirect, 6. Dipstick dye immunoassay, 7. Schistosoma mansoni cercarial transformation fluid, 8. Point of care/circulating cathodic Antigen, 9. Polymerase chain reaction.