The Activity of Plant Crude Extracts against Schistosoma mansoni

Table 1

Data extracted from the selected articles.

Study	Country	Experiment	Plant species	Plants	Plant part	Outcomes
[50]	Egypt	In vivo	C. dioscorides, C. ambrosioides, S. sesban	3	?	Reduction in worm and egg loads, improved liver function
[45]	Egypt	In vivo	A. cepa, A. sativum	2	Pseudostem	Increased IgG, IgM, IL-2, IL-6, and TNF-α and lower catalase, GPX, and SOD antioxidant enzyme activities, worm burden, hepatic and intestinal eggs
[44]	Brazil	In vitro	T. vulgare	1	Leaf	Reduced egg output, motor activity, adult death
[42]^±	Egypt	In vivo	C. procera^a, F. elastic, Z. officinale	3	Stem-latex, rhizome, flower	Reduced hepatic and intestinal tissue egg loads, adult worm burden, positively affected oogram pattern
[48]^ȱ±	Brazil	In vivo\vitro	B. trimera	1	Leaf	Reduction in worm burden and eggs
[40]	Brazil	In vivo\vitro	M. frigidus	1	Aerial parts	Reduced worm count & contorted muscles, vesicles, and darkened paired worm skin
[34]	Brazil	In vitro	A. indica	1	Leaf	100% mortality of female worms, significant motor activity reduction, severe morphological changes
[37]	Kenya	In vivo	E. capensis, A. indica	2	Stem-bark, leaf	% worm load reduction, reduced tissues (liver and intestine) and egg load counts, the activity of the two plant extracts was dose-dependent with E. capensis being more potent in reducing both the worm burden at all the stages and tissue egg load
[43]^±	Egypt	In vivo\vitro	P. granatum	1	Leaf, stem-bark	Adult death, reduced motor activity, reduced granulomas
[49]	Egypt	In vivo	C. scolymus	1	Leaf	Reduction of granuloma diameter, improvement of liver functions and liver fibrosis
[39]	Ghana	In vivo\vitro	R. vomitoria	1	Stem-bark, root,	Adult worm death
[47]^±	Brazil	In vitro	A. lappa	1	Flower	No cytotoxic to Vero cells, 100% mortality and reduction on motor activity of all adult worms, tegumental morphological alterations and changes in the numbers of tubercles of adult worms
[38]	Brazil	In vivo	P. amarus	1	Leaf	Worm reduced, no alteration in the liver function
[46]	Ethiopia	In vivo	E. kebericho, H. abyssinica	2	Root, flower	Reduction of fecal egg count and adult worm burden, reduction in liver granuloma score
[41]	Cameroon	In vivo	O. pulcherrima	1	Root	Reduced ova, adult worm
[36]	Ghana	In vivo/vitro	P. amarus, V. amygdalina, A. indica, M. lucida, N. latifolia	5	Whole plant, leaf, stem-bark	Reduced mean liver and spleen weights, high adulticidal activities in vitro/vivo, fewer granulomas, smaller granuloma diameter
[35]	Ghana	In vitro	24 A. indica included	25	Almost all parts mentioned above	Inhibition of the motility of NTS^+ and adult worm

Preliminary phytochemical screening done; ^±acute toxicity done; ^ȱfresh specimen; ^awas toxic before removing the rubber; ⁺newly transformed schistosomule; a total of 25 plants in 7 groups in combinations of 2-5 plants in each group.