Prevalence, Risk Factors, and Coinfection of Urogenital Schistosomiasis and Soil-Transmitted Helminthiasis among Primary School Children in Biase, Southern Nigeria
Table 5
Bivariate and multivariate analysis of risk factors associated with urogenital schistosomiasis among school children in Biase LGA.
Factors ()
Number positive (%)
Df
value
Adjusted odds ratio (95% C.I.)
Sex
Male (300)
27 (9.00)
7.931
1
0.005
2.868 (1.397-5.889)¥
Female (330)
11 (3.33)
7.931
1
0.005
0.349 (0.170–0.716)
Age group (years)
5–7 (69)
3 (4.35)
0.126
1
0.723
0.683 (0.204–2.283)
8–10 (321)
13 (4.05)
3.851
1
0.050
0.480 (0.241–0.955)
11–13 (217)
21 (9.68)
6.812
1
0.009
2.496 (1.287–4.838)¥
14–16 (23)
1 (4.35)
0.000
1
1.000
0.700 (0.092–5.340)
Father’s occupation
Farming (327)
9 (2.75)
11.726
1
<0.001
0.267 (0.124–0.575)
Trading (228)
5 (2.19)
8.259
1
0.004
0.251 (0.097–0.652)
Civil servant (31)
3 (9.68)
0.238
1
0.626
1.725 (0.500–5.958)
Daily labourer (30)
20 (66.67)
193.252
1
<0.001
64.667 (26.494–157.840)
Others (14)
1 (7.14)
0.000
1
1.000
1.204 (0.153–9.454)
Mother’s occupation
Civil servant (343)
10 (2.92)
11.722
1
<0.001
0.278 (0.133–0.582)
Farming (258)
25 (9.69)
9.252
1
0.002
2.963 (1.486–5.909)¥
Trading (21)
3 (14.29)
1.322
1
0.250
2.733 (0.768–9.723)
Housewife (2)
0 (0.00)
NA
NA
NA
NA
Others (6)
0 (0.00)
NA
NA
NA
NA
Father’s educational status
Primary (175)
10 (5.71)
0.000
1
0.983
0.924 (0.439–1.945)
Secondary (340)
8 (2.35)
16.255
1
<0.001
0.209 (0.094–0.463)
Tertiary (100)
8 (8.00)
0.452
1
0.501
1.449 (0.644–3.261)
No formal education (15)
12 (80.00)
135.261
1
<0.001
90.615 (24.092–340.824)¥
Mother’s educational status
Primary (293)
11 (3.75)
4.290
1
0.038
0.448 (0.218–0.920)
Secondary (292)
19 (6.51)
0.089
1
0.766
1.169 (0.606–2.252)
Tertiary (27)
3 (11.11)
0.518
1
0.472
2.029 (0.582–7.065)
No formal education (18)
5 (27.78)
11.762
1
<0.001
6.748 (2.270–20.060)¥
Water contact activities
Bathing (174)
7 (4.02)
1.257
1
0.262
0.575 (0.248–1.331)
Swimming (207)
16 (7.73)
1.153
1
0.283
1.527 (0.784–2.974)
Cross streams to farm (5)
3 (60.00)
17.190
1
<0.001
25.286 (4.091–156.283)¥
Washing (98)
5 (5.10)
0.036
1
0.849
0.813 (0.309–2.137)
Fetching (146)
7 (4.79)
0.268
1
0.604
0.736 (0.317–1.708)
Number of times visit the stream or river
Once (385)
14 (3.64)
8.945
1
0.003
0.348 (0.176–0.686)
Twice (205)
18 (8.78)
3.364
1
0.067
1.949 (1.001–3.771)¥
Severally (40)
6 (15.00)
4.489
1
0.034
3.077 (1.204–7.863)¥
Distance of home from the stream
1 km (47)
7 (14.89)
5.449
1
0.020
3.116 (1.292–7.518)¥
2 km (325)
21 (6.46)
0.090
1
0.764
1.170 (0.605–2.263)
>3 km (258)
10 (3.88)
2.967
1
0.085
0.495 (0.236–1.039)
Knowledge of schistosomiasis
Yes (327)
9 (2.75)
11.726
1
<0.001
0.267 (0.124–0.575)
No (303)
29 (9.57)
11.726
1
<0.001
3.739 (1.740–8.038)¥
¥Significantly associated with urogenital schistosomiasis; : number examined; significant at .
