Prevalence, Risk Factors, and Coinfection of Urogenital Schistosomiasis and Soil-Transmitted Helminthiasis among Primary School Children in Biase, Southern Nigeria
Table 6
Bivariate and multivariate analysis of risk factors associated with STHs among school children in Biase LGA.
Factors ()
Number positive (%)
Df
value
Adjusted odds ratio (95% C.I.)
Sex
Male (300)
34 (11.33)
0.000
1
1.000
1.012 (0.617–1.659)¥
Female (330)
37 (11.21)
0.000
1
1.000
0.988 (0.603–1.620)
Age group (years)
5–7 (69)
3 (4.35)
2.976
1
0.085
0.330 (0.101–1.077)
8–10 (321)
24 (7.48)
8.660
1
<0.001
0.451 (0.268–0.757)
11–13 (217)
39 (17.97)
13.866
1
<0.001
2.609 (1.582–4.302)¥
14–16 (23)
5 (21.74)
1.643
1
0.120
2.277 (0.818–6.335)¥
Father’s occupation
Farming (327)
35 (10.70)
0.116
1
0.733
0.889 (0.543–1.457)
Trading (228)
21 (9.21)
1.210
1
0.271
0.714 (0.417–1.223)
Civil servant (31)
3 (9.68)
0.000
1
1.000
0.837 (0.248–2.826)
Daily labourer (30)
10 (33.3)
13.105
1
<0.001
4.418 (1.977–9.872)¥
Others (14)
2 (14.29)
0.000
1
1.000
1.321 (0.290–6.028)
Mother’s occupation
Civil servant (343)
22 (6.41)
16.704
1
<0.001
0.333 (0.196–0.566)
Farming (258)
39 (15.12)
5.830
1
0.016
1.892 (1.151–3.111)¥
Trading (21)
5 (23.81)
2.242
1
0.134
2.571 (0.912–7.246)
Housewife (2)
1 (50.00)
0.378
1
0.539
7.971 (0.493–128.875)
Others (6)
4 (66.67)
13.418
1
<0.001
16.627 (2.989–92.504)¥
Father’s educational status
Primary (175)
34 (19.43)
15.020
1
<0.001
2.724 (1.647–4.506)¥
Secondary (340)
20 (5.88)
20.285
1
<0.001
0.293 (0.170–0.504)
Tertiary (100)
5 (5.00)
3.957
1
0.047
0.370 (0.145–0.943)
No formal education (15)
12 (80.00)
65.718
1
<0.001
37.695 (10.342–137.394)¥
Mother’s educational status
Primary (293)
25 (8.53)
3.609
1
0.058
0.590 (0.353–0.987)
Secondary (292)
28 (9.59)
1.240
1
0.265
0.728 (0.440–1.205)
Tertiary (27)
5 (18.52)
0.823
1
0.365
1.849 (0.678–5.047)
No formal education (18)
13 (72.22)
62.710
1
<0.001
24.835 (8.550–72.135)¥
Walk barefoot
Yes (18)
12 (66.67)
51.305
1
<0.001
18.746 (6.786–51.783)¥
No (612)
59 (9.64)
51.305
1
<0.001
0.053 (0.019–0.147)
Wash fruits and vegetables
Yes (347)
26 (7.49)
10.120
1
0.001
0.428 (0.257–0.714)
No (283)
45 (15.90)
10.120
1
0.001
2.334 (1.400–3.892)¥
Wash hands after using toilet
Yes (371)
39 (10.51)
0.350
1
0.554
0.833 (0.507–1.370)
No (259)
32 (12.36)
0.350
1
0.554
1.200 (0.730–1.973)
Eat soils
Yes (366)
55 (15.03)
11.451
1
<0.001
2.741 (1.533–4.902)¥
No (264)
16 (6.06)
11.451
1
<0.001
0.365 (0.204–0.652)
Type of house
Block (491)
35 (7.13)
36.316
1
<0.001
0.220 (0.132–0.367)
Mud (139)
36 (25.90)
36.316
1
<0.001
4.554 (2.729–7.599)¥
Source of drinking water
Borehole (101)
10 (9.90)
0.092
1
0.762
0.843 (0.416–1.707)
Stream/river (19)
18 (94.74)
128.017
1
<0.001
189.509 (24.807–1447.740)¥
Well (312)
34 (10.90)
0.028
1
0.868
0.929 (0.567–1.523)
Tap water (198)
9 (4.55)
12.095
1
<0.001
0.2842 (0.138–0.584)
Where do you defecate
Water closet (388)
20 (5.16)
9.145
1
0.003
0.426 (0.247–0.733)
Pit latrine (142)
30 (21.13)
16.562
1
<0.001
2.920 (1.746–4.885)¥
Open defecation (100)
21 (21.00)
10.127
1
0.002
2.552 (1.454–4.479)¥
Treatment for worm
Yes (567)
28 (4.94)
221.021
1
<0.001
0.024 (0.013–0.046)
No (63)
43 (68.25)
221.021
1
<0.001
41.388 (21.552–79.477)¥
¥Significantly associated with STH infection; : number examined; significant at .
