Disease Biomarkers of Giardiasis

Table 1

The potential biomarkers associated with giardiasis.

No.	Group of Biomarkers	Biomarker	Source	Stage indicator	Assemblage	Origin of expression	Reference
1	Proteins of Giardia; (i) Variant-specific surface proteins (VSPs)	VSP 5G8	Serum and fecal	Acute	B	Trophozoite	[20]
		VSPH7	Serum	Acute	B	Trophozoite	[76]
		Recombinant VSP3	Serum	Acute	A	Trophozoite	[12]
		Recombinant VSP5	Serum	Acute	B	Trophozoite	[12]
	(ii) Giardin	α-1-Giardin	Serum	Acute	A and B	Trophozoite and cyst	[25]
		α-7.1-Giardin and α-7.3 giardin	Serum	Acute	A	Trophozoite and cyst	[25]
		α-4-Giardin, α-5-giardin, α-6-giardin, α-8-giardin, α-9-giardin, α-10-giardin, α-11-giardin, α-12-giardin, α-13-giardin, α-15-giardin, α-16-giardin, α-17-giardin, α-18-giardin, and α-19-giardin	—	Acute	A and B	Trophozoite and cyst	[76]
		Recombinant α-1-giardin	Serum	Acute	A and B	Trophozoite and cyst	[25]
		Recombinant α-2-giardin	Serum	Acute	A and B	Trophozoite and cyst	[25]
		Recombinant α-7.1-giardin	Serum	Acute	A	Trophozoite and cyst	[25]
		Recombinant α-13-giardin	Serum	Acute	A	Trophozoite	[24]
	(iii) Tubulin	α-Tubulin	Serum	Acute	A and B	Trophozoite and cyst	[25]
		β-tubulin	Serum	Acute	A	Trophozoite and cyst	[25]
	(iv) Heat shock protein (Hsp)	Hsp 70	Serum	—	A and B	—	[35]
		Hsp 90	Serum	—	A	Trophozoite	[36]
	(v) Cyst wall	CWP 1	—	—	A and B	Cyst	[38]
		CWP 2	—	—	A and B	Cyst	[38]
		Recombinant CWP2	Fecal and serum	Chronic	A and B	Cyst	[39]
	(vi) Antigen	GSA 65	Fecal	Chronic	A	Trophozoite and cyst	[41]
	Host-specific protein	P-selectin	Serum	Chronic	—	—	[55]
		Calprotectin and Trefoil factor 3 (TFF3)	Serum	—	—	—	[58]
2	Serological and other body fluids	Immunoglobulin G (IgG)	Serum	Acute	—	Trophozoite	[43]
		Immunoglobulin M (IgM)	Serum	Acute	A	Trophozoite	[44]
		Immunoglobulin A (IgA)	Saliva and serum	—	A and B	Cyst	[45]
		Secretory IgA (SIgA) in saliva	Saliva	Acute	A	Trophozoite	[46]
		Secretory IgA (SIgA) in milk	Milk	Acute	A	Trophozoite	[48]
3	Molecular	miR5, miR6	Duodenal biopsies	Chronic	A	Trophozoite	[66]
4	Volatile	2,2,4,4-Tetramethyloctane, acetic acid and 2,2,4,6,6pentamethylheptane	Fecal	—	A and B	Trophozoite and cyst	[71]
		Acetic acid, 1,4-dimethoxy-2,3-butanediol, and 1,3-dimethoxy-2 propanol	Fecal	Chronic	—	Trophozoite and cyst	[72]
5	Hormonal	Ghrelin and melatonin	Serum	Acute	—	—	[75]