Prevalence of Intestinal Parasites and Associated Risk Factors among Diarrheal Patients Attending Negelle Borena General Hospital: A Case-Control Study

Table 5

Univariate logistic regression analysis for the associated risk factors of intestinal protozoal parasitic infection among positive diarrheal patients (cases) attending Negelle General Hospital.

Risk factors	Options	G. lamblia n (%)	cOR	-value	E. Hist./dispar n (%)	cOR	-value	Cryptosp. Spp. n (%)	cOR	-value
Level of education	Illiterate	4 (28.6)	4.5	0.03^a	1 (11.1)	0.25	0.42	0 (0.0)	—	—
	Kindergarten	1 (7.1)	1.9	0.16	0 (0.0)	0.25	0.42	0 (0.0)	—	—
	Grade 1–6	3 (21.4)	1.5	0.20	5 (55.5)	0.99	≤0.001^a	1 (100)	0.8	0.13
	Grade 7–12	2 (14.3)	1.2	0.25	3 (33.3)	0.99	≤0.001^a	0 (0.0)	—	—
	> Grade 12 (ref.)	4 (28.6)	—	—	0 (0.0)	—	—	0 (0.0)	—	—
Mothers educational level	Illiterate	6 (42.9)	3.7	0.01^a	6 (66.7)	0.11	0.19	1 (100)	1.5	0.22
	Grade 1–12	1 (7.1)	2.8	0.09	3 (33.3)	0.17	0.29	0 (0.0)	—	—
	Above 12 (ref.)	7 (50.0)	—	—	0 (0.0)	—	—	0 (0.0)	—	—
Source of drinking water	Pipe	3 (21.4)	1.7	0.41	0 (0.00)	0.75	0.85	0 (0.0)	—	—
	Well	9 (64.3)	10	≤0.001^a	8 (88.9)	3.0	0.47	1 (100)	0.5	0.06
	Packed (ref.)	2 (14.3)	—	—	1 (11.1)	—	—	0 (0.0)	—	—
Presence and use of toilet	Yes	4 (28.6)	0.2	0.16	4 (44.4)	0.13	0.14	0 (0.0)	—	—
	No (ref.)	10 (71.4)	—	—	5 (55.5)	—	—	1 (100)	7.2	≤0.001^a
Washing hand with soap after toilet	Yes	7 (50.0)	0.80	0.09	5 (55.5)	0.13	0.14	0 (0.0)	—	—
	No (ref.)	7 (50.0)	—	—	4 (44.4)	—	—	1 (100)	1.8	0.05
Washing hand with soap before eating	Yes	5 (35.7)	1.0	0.03^a	3 (33.3)	0.25	0.31	0 (0.0)	—	—
	No (ref.)	9 (64.3)	—	—	6 (66.7)	—	—	1 (100)	2.5	0.04^a
Eating raw fruit and vegetables	Yes	12 (85.7)	0.17	0.13	7 (77.8)	0.13	0.16	0.00	—	—
	No (ref.)	2 (14.3)	—	—	2 (22.2)	—	—	1 (100)	1.8	0.88
Associated health problems	HIV (ref.)	0 (0.0)	—	—	0 (0.0)	—	—	0 (0)	—	—
	TB	14 (100)	0.33	0.40	9 (100)	0.83	0.76	1 (100)	7.2	≤0.001^a
Contact with pet animals	Yes	6 (42.9)	1.7	0.64	6 (66.7)	0.33	0.38	1 (100)	7.2	≤0.001^a
	No (ref.)	8 (57.1)	—	—	3 (33.3)	—	—	0 (0.0)	—	—
Residence	Rural	10 (71.4)	3.0	0.40	7 (77.8)	0.13	0.15	0 (0.0)	—	—
	Urban (ref.)	4 (28.6)	—	—	2 (22.2)	—	—	1 (100)	0.9	0.78

n = Number of individuals found positive for the parasites found in the stool sample of the patients. cOR, crude odd ratios.
^aStatistically significant factors ().