Prevalence of Intestinal Parasites and Associated Risk Factors among Diarrheal Patients Attending Negelle Borena General Hospital: A Case-Control Study
Table 5
Univariate logistic regression analysis for the associated risk factors of intestinal protozoal parasitic infection among positive diarrheal patients (cases) attending Negelle General Hospital.
Risk factors
Options
G. lamblia n (%)
cOR
-value
E. Hist./dispar n (%)
cOR
-value
Cryptosp. Spp. n (%)
cOR
-value
Level of education
Illiterate
4 (28.6)
4.5
0.03a
1 (11.1)
0.25
0.42
0 (0.0)
—
—
Kindergarten
1 (7.1)
1.9
0.16
0 (0.0)
0.25
0.42
0 (0.0)
—
—
Grade 1–6
3 (21.4)
1.5
0.20
5 (55.5)
0.99
≤0.001a
1 (100)
0.8
0.13
Grade 7–12
2 (14.3)
1.2
0.25
3 (33.3)
0.99
≤0.001a
0 (0.0)
—
—
> Grade 12 (ref.)
4 (28.6)
—
—
0 (0.0)
—
—
0 (0.0)
—
—
Mothers educational level
Illiterate
6 (42.9)
3.7
0.01a
6 (66.7)
0.11
0.19
1 (100)
1.5
0.22
Grade 1–12
1 (7.1)
2.8
0.09
3 (33.3)
0.17
0.29
0 (0.0)
—
—
Above 12 (ref.)
7 (50.0)
—
—
0 (0.0)
—
—
0 (0.0)
—
—
Source of drinking water
Pipe
3 (21.4)
1.7
0.41
0 (0.00)
0.75
0.85
0 (0.0)
—
—
Well
9 (64.3)
10
≤0.001a
8 (88.9)
3.0
0.47
1 (100)
0.5
0.06
Packed (ref.)
2 (14.3)
—
—
1 (11.1)
—
—
0 (0.0)
—
—
Presence and use of toilet
Yes
4 (28.6)
0.2
0.16
4 (44.4)
0.13
0.14
0 (0.0)
—
—
No (ref.)
10 (71.4)
—
—
5 (55.5)
—
—
1 (100)
7.2
≤0.001a
Washing hand with soap after toilet
Yes
7 (50.0)
0.80
0.09
5 (55.5)
0.13
0.14
0 (0.0)
—
—
No (ref.)
7 (50.0)
—
—
4 (44.4)
—
—
1 (100)
1.8
0.05
Washing hand with soap before eating
Yes
5 (35.7)
1.0
0.03a
3 (33.3)
0.25
0.31
0 (0.0)
—
—
No (ref.)
9 (64.3)
—
—
6 (66.7)
—
—
1 (100)
2.5
0.04a
Eating raw fruit and vegetables
Yes
12 (85.7)
0.17
0.13
7 (77.8)
0.13
0.16
0.00
—
—
No (ref.)
2 (14.3)
—
—
2 (22.2)
—
—
1 (100)
1.8
0.88
Associated health problems
HIV (ref.)
0 (0.0)
—
—
0 (0.0)
—
—
0 (0)
—
—
TB
14 (100)
0.33
0.40
9 (100)
0.83
0.76
1 (100)
7.2
≤0.001a
Contact with pet animals
Yes
6 (42.9)
1.7
0.64
6 (66.7)
0.33
0.38
1 (100)
7.2
≤0.001a
No (ref.)
8 (57.1)
—
—
3 (33.3)
—
—
0 (0.0)
—
—
Residence
Rural
10 (71.4)
3.0
0.40
7 (77.8)
0.13
0.15
0 (0.0)
—
—
Urban (ref.)
4 (28.6)
—
—
2 (22.2)
—
—
1 (100)
0.9
0.78
n = Number of individuals found positive for the parasites found in the stool sample of the patients. cOR, crude odd ratios. aStatistically significant factors ().