Recent Advances in Quartz Crystal Microbalance-Based Sensors

Table 2

QCM-based sensing applications.

Analytes	Detection limits	References
Acetic acid, butyric acid, ammonia, dimethyl amine, benzene, and chlorobenzene	N.M.*	[3]
Primary aliphatic alcohols such as ethanol, methanol, 1-propanol, and 2-propanol	2–17 mg/L	[4]
Ethanol	1.73 × 10^−2 μg	[5]
CH3SH	100 ppb	[6]
DMMP, DMA, DCP, DCE	N.M.*	[7]
DMMP	5–60 ppm	[8]
VOCs such as aromatics, chlororganics, ketones, and alcohols	N.M.*	[9]
Toluene and p-xylene	N.M.*	[10]
Toluene	N.M.*	[11]
Xylene isomers	0–200 ppm	[12]
Alcohols, esters, acids, and aldehydes	N.M.*	[13]
Bisphenol-A	0.01 ng/mL	[14]
TCDD	0.1–100 ng/mL	[15]
DDVP	6.5–32.5 ppm	[16]
1-NAP and 2-NAP	8.362 × 10^−7 mol/L for 1-NAP; 2.146 × 10^−7 mol/L for 2-NAP	[17]
HCl	ppt level with sensitivity of 0.1 ppm/Hz	[18]
	250 ppb/Hz sensitivity	[19]
Methane	0.05% (v/v)	[20]
	N.M.*	[21]
NO	25 ppb/Hz sensitivity	[22]
NO2	Sub-ppm level with sensitivity of 1200 Hz/h for 50 ppm NO2	[23]
Chloroform	N.M.*	[24]
	N.M.*	[25]
NH3	N.M.*	[26]
	0.3–15 ppm with LOD of 0.1 ppm	[27]
HCHO	3 ppm	[28]
L-mandelic acid	N.M.*	[29]
Orange and melon flavors	N.M.*	[30]
Ethanol, acetone, and trichloroethylene gas mixtures	N.M.*	[31]
Humidity	Sensitivity of 12.32 Hz/RH%	[32]
Ag ions	N.M.*	[33]
Olive oils	N.M.*	[34]
Nanoparticles (Si and Ag nanopowder, rhodamine B, and ferrocene)	Linear up to 1300 μg/mL	[35]
Glucose	0.01–7.5 mM with LOD of 5 μM	[36]
Albumin	60–150 ppm	[37]
PSA and PSA-ACT	Linear dynamic range up to 150 ng/mL with LOD of 0.29 ng/mL	[38]
CRP	N.M.*	[39]
EPGF	0.01–10 μg/mL	[40]
L tryptophan	LOD 8.8 μM	[41]
Glycoproteins	50 μg/mL–1 mg/mL	[42]
Folic acid	Linear range of 0–100 μM with LOD of 15.4 μM	[43]
Vibrio harveyi	10^3–10^7 CFU/mL	[44]
Campylobacter jejuni	N.M.*	[45]
D.  desulotomaculum	1.8 × 10^4–1.8 × 10^7 cfu/mL	[46]

*N.M.: Not mentioned.