Reliable Lifespan Evaluation of a Remote Environment Monitoring System Based on Wireless Sensor Networks and Global System for Mobile Communications

Table 2

Sensor nodes comparison.

CPU parameters	IRIS Crossbow	Micaz Crossbow	TelosB Crossbow	Waspmote Libelium	Proposed node (this work)
Processor performance
Microcontroller	ATMega1281	ATMega128L	MSP430	ATMega1281	ATMega1281
Number of bits	8 bits	8 bits	16 bits	8 bits	8 bits
Frequency	N/A	N/A	N/A	8 MHz	4 MHz
Program flash memory	128 kB	128 kB	48 kB	128 kB	128 kB
SRAM	8 kB	4 kB	10 kB	8 kB	8 kB
EEPROM	4 kB	4 kB	16 kB	4 kB	4 kB
Communications interfaces	UART, I2C, SPI	UART, I2C, SPI	UART, I2C, SPI, USB	UART, I2C, USB	UART, I2C, SPI
Analog to digital converter	10-bit ADC	10-bit ADC	12-bit ADC	10-bit ADC	10-bit ADC; VFC
Digital to analog converter	NO	NO	12-bit DAC	NO	NO
Current active mode	8 mA	8 mA	1.8 mA	9 mA	2.4 mA
Current sleep mode	8 µA	<15 µA	5.1 µA	62 µA	<12 µA
RF transceiver
Frequency band	ISM 2.4 GHz	ISM 2.4 GHz	ISM 2.4 GHz	ISM 2.4 GHz	ISM 2.4 GHz
Outdoor range	>300 m	75 m to 100 m	75 m to 100 m	750 m to 1500 m	750 m to 1500 m
Indoor range	>50 m	20 m to 30 m	20 m to 30 m	60 m to 90 m	60 m to 90 m
Sensitivity	−101 dBm	−94 dBm	−94 dBm	−100 dBm	−100 dBm
Max. Tx Power	3 dBm	0 dBm	0 dBm	18 dBm	18 dBm
Current draw
Receive mode	16 mA	19.7 mA	23 mA	57.08 mA	63.6 mA
Maximum transmission current	17 mA	17.4 mA	N/A	187.58 mA	154 mA
Sleep mode	NA	1 µA	1 µA	120 µA	<12 µA
Power supply
Battery	2 × AA batteries	2 × AA batteries	2 × AA batteries	N/A	LiPo battery
External power	2.7 V to 3.3 V	2.7 V to 3.3 V	N/A	3.3 V to 4.2 V	1.8 V to 5 V

Measures include sensors and RTC.