Abstract
Effective utilization of energy resources in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) has become challenging under uncertain distributed cluster-formation and single-hop intercluster communication capabilities. So, sensor nodes are forced to operate at expensive full rate transmission power level continuously during whole network operation. These challenging network environments experience unwanted phenomena of drastic energy consumption and packet drop. In this paper, we propose an adaptive immune Multihopping Multilevel Clustering (MHMLC) protocol that executes a Hybrid Clustering Algorithm (HCA) to perform optimal centralized selection of Cluster-Heads (CHs) within radius of centrally located Base Station (BS) and distributed CHs selection in the rest of network area. HCA of MHMLC also produces optimal intermediate CHs for intercluster multihop communications that develop heterogeneity-aware economical links. This hybrid cluster-formation facilitates the sensors to function at short range transmission power level that enhances link quality and avoids packet drop. The simulation environments produce fair comparison among proposed MHMLC and existing state-of-the-art routing protocols. Experimental results give significant evidence of better performance of the proposed model in terms of network lifetime, stability period, and data delivery ratio.
1. Introduction
Effective environmental monitoring of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) is revolutionized because of vibrant technological advancements of Micro Electromechanical System (MEMS) and wireless communications [1]. Traditionally, WSNs provide successful monitoring of environmental parameters like temperature, pressure, and humidity [2]. Recently, implementation of WSNs has been extended to industrial level in both civil and military applications [3]. The modern tiny sensor devices are intelligent enough to utilize different components of sensing units, data processing units, and transmission techniques that enhance the attractions in WSNs [4]. In given network area, random deployment of sensor nodes is executed along with centralized coordinator called Base Station (BS). BS is responsible for collecting the information from all sensors grouped into clusters. Existing WSNs are facing technical limitations such as network architecture, short range radio capabilities, and small size initial battery power. So, these limitations challenge researchers to design energy efficient communications protocols to maintain better reliability of network operations [5–7].
Many energy efficient clustering routing protocols have been designed which demonstrate remarkable improvement in prolonging network lifetime. However, issues like reliable cluster-formation, stability, and optimal throughput still need researchers’ attention to design optimal solutions [6–9]. LEACH, LEACH-C, SEP, DEEC, HADCC, and so many other protocols gained considerations and were challenged by some other advance techniques [10–16]. Earlier extensive research contains realistic drawbacks of having fixed preprogrammed centralized or distributed cluster-formation algorithms [17–21]. These clustering algorithms lack in online hybrid workability at runtime, along with multihopping data delivery under shadow of hybrid cluster-formation. To the best of our knowledge there is no hybrid cluster-formation routing protocol that can support multihopping. Therefore, we propose a unique and novel routing protocol called Multihopping Multilevel Clustering (MHMLC) using Hybrid Clustering Algorithm (HCA) cluster-formation. The objective and contributions of our proposed model are as follows:(1)MHMLC brings reliable environmental sensing and reporting due to reduction in average packets delay and path loss that enabled proposed model to achieve better packet delivery ratio with minimum latency. This MHMLC’s achievement is mainly because of introducing unique hybrid HCA algorithm. HCA maintains less complex centralized cluster-formation and single-hop reporting in nearby region of BS, as well as maintaining distributed cluster-formation in remote region with a distinguished multihop transmission capabilities. Single-hop communications in nearby hot-spot region result in reduction of delay and path loss because of limited transmission range, while multihop communication in far region from BS makes sure of less packet drop and avoiding packet retransmissions that result in higher packet delivery ratio.(2)MHMLC provides better stability and network lifetime due to coordination of hybrid cluster-formation and even distribution of traffic responsibilities over all sensor nodes according to their residual energy resources and distance from BS. In this way, MHMLC establishes intelligent networking that makes sure of having enough resistance to avoid early departure of nodes that increase the stability and network lifetime.(3)MHMLC offers better realistic opportunities to be deployed in real-time practical environment because of flexible cluster-formation that is designed according to the nature of sensor nodes basic capabilities.(4)Experimental results show that MHMLC produces 127%, 109%, 91%, 58%, and 5% higher stability period than LEACH, SEP, LEACH-C, DEEC, and HADCC protocols, respectively. Furthermore, the proposed model has less end-to-end delay and path loss and enhances packets delivery ratio as compared to well-known routing protocols.The rest of this paper is organized as follows. Section 2 contains related work and characteristics comparison, Section 3 contains detailed network design and system model, Section 4 deals with the proposed model, Section 5 represents results with analytical discussion, and Section 6 concludes this paper.
2. Related Work and Motivation
The initial considerable success of WSNs increases the industrial demand of these networks to provide additional challenging features. WSNs need improvements at every level such as sensor’s vendor, initial battery capacity, economical sensing, information processing, and energy efficient reporting to BS. During transmission, routing algorithms are utilized to adopt the most energy efficient routes between sensor nodes and BS. Routing protocols contain path-planning algorithms, which are primarily responsible for effective data delivery to central controller of BS [1–9]. In study of different clustering protocols, some novel techniques are investigated to understand their performance during network operations in WSNs. Some related state-of-the-art protocols are discussed in this section.
In [10], LEACH introduced a dynamic distributed approach which runs complete probabilistic algorithm to nominate CHs, which accept the responsibilities of association phase to complete cluster’s membership. This process avoids supervision of BS; in this case nodes bear all computational and communication cost. CHs collect data from member nodes at single-hop transmissions and perform aggregated transmission to BS. This distributed algorithm brings fluctuation in CHs selection that causes significant performance degradation.
In [11], LEACH-C tried to mitigate uncertain fluctuations in CHs creations, by introducing centralized algorithm in which BS is primarily responsible for nomination of CHs. BS utilized nodes energy level and location attributes to set priority of nodes in order to lead the member nodes. However, entire centralized cluster-formation for whole network region demands extensive additional transmissions over the long distance that results in unwanted energy dissipation. Moreover, LEACH and LEACH-C are designed for homogeneous networking environments and lack practicality in heterogeneous WSNs.
In [12], SEP proposed two-level clustering for heterogeneous WSNs. In SEP, nodes with higher energy are referred to as advanced nodes which have more probability for selection than CHs. SEP also ignores the realistic overall heterogeneity of the network and it is unable to mitigate issues of fully distributed CHs selections.
In [13], DEEC proposal represents efficient clustering within multiheterogeneous network environment, in which residual energy of each node is responsible for its probability index. However, in complete distributed cluster-formation, nodes have fewer opportunities to share the global knowledge in the whole network. In DEEC, average numbers of CHs per round are much more as compared to other protocols, which brings additional direct transmissions towards BS which dissipate more energy resources.
In [14], a hybrid model has been proposed with the name of HADCC; the major contribution to establish this protocol is to handle region-wise homogeneity and heterogeneity intelligently. Another contribution of this model is to establish an algorithm, which can be centralized and distributed at the same time, and both properties can be helpful in different regions of the networks. However, HADCC only produce single-hop intercluster communication that is real drawback of its performance.
Major portion of existing routing protocols are unable to address the issues of network scalability and load balancing because of single-hop routes constructions, although these less complex routing protocols are helpful in quick path discovery with minimum resource utilization and need minimum computational complexity but also struggle when having to perform link rediscovery in long complex network. Furthermore, these algorithms are not efficient to extend the network capacity. In order to handle these issues multihopping algorithms are proposed, which try to fulfill the high performance demands and keep establishing network paths under all conditions. Multihop routing protocols are supposed to generate and regenerate efficient multiple paths with minimum packet drop and reduce energy dissipation. However, existing protocols need more sophisticated algorithms to achieve the established goals [21–27].
In this paper, we propose a routing protocol called Multihopping Multilevel Clustering (MHMLC) energy efficient path-planning routing protocol supported by versatile HCA, which provides not only suitable hybrid CHs selection but also unique multihopping ability. These abilities of MHMLC bring better stability and throughput performance at simulations level and also bring better performance in practical environment. Characteristics comparison of MHMLC with state-of-the-art routing protocol is given in Table 1.
3. System Network Design Problem Statement
The key factors of attention to construct better sensor network’s design are network modeling, node’s reporting schedule, data aggregation technique, and radio model characteristics. Our proposed work is based on well-defined problem statement and system design to achieve the aforementioned major objectives. List of extensively used abbreviations is given in Notations.
3.1. System Design
Initially whole network region is assumed as two-dimensional rectangular area with to limits at -axis and to limits at -axis. So, network area is divided into clusters along -axis and along -axis. Every cluster position represents an independent subarea. BS can compute height of surface, , and the Average Surface Height (ASH) of all clusters is approximately equal to height of whole network, which can be calculated asApproximation sigma notation can be used to generalize this scalability: where total length of and can be defined as and . From this, ASH scalability approximation can be derived as where and are variation at and and special notation for the limit of double sum can be defined as In this way, double integration optimization can be derived from the above expressions:
Furthermore, BS is located in the center of the network and maintains a logical inner-homogeneous region within a specific radius; outer region is considered as heterogeneous portion as shown in Figure 1.
3.2. Energy Model for Radio Characteristics
First-order linear radio model is preferred for proposed scheme’s radio characteristics in order to observe the performance of MHMLC, as it has been examined for other well-known conventional protocols [10–15]. First-order linear radio model defines 50 nJ/bit energy consumption for transceiver circuitry, denoted by and . Acceptable restricts certain transmission amplification parameters and is shown as . Energy consumption linear model that ignores the sensing and computational cost is represented as
Total energy consumption () can be calculated in reference of free space and multipath models with and , respectively. is data size transmitted over distance of while is reference distance over which selection of free space and multipath model is selected.
3.3. Problem Statement
Efficiency of MHMLC’s proposal depends upon the efficient selection of CHs and non-CHs nodes. In this paper we propose a clustering algorithm which produces very intelligent clustering according to the remaining resources with their historical energy consumption rate and services as CHs. Now the CHs selected in both regions should be equal to the desired percentage set by the network administrator which is 10% in most of the cases [1–5]. Total Desired Percentage of CHs (TDPCHs) can be calculated as Basic Threshold-based CH (TCH) selection criterion of is threshold value of Distributed Level Nodes (DLNs), which is calculated by Ideally for DLNs should meet a certain threshold value to become CHs; similarly BS sets priorities of Centralized Level Nodes (CLNs) to select ; this calculation is carried byThe details of (8) and (9) are given in the next section.
4. Proposal of Multihopping Multilevel Clustering Energy Efficient Protocol
MHMLC is mainly proposed to establish an energy efficient clustering routing protocol that improves the highly demanded QoS parameters of reliability, with better network lifetime and higher data delivery. MHMLC enforces cluster-formation through Hybrid Clustering Algorithm (HCA) which is primarily responsible for updating nodes ID and their regional sector ID. Furthermore distance-based threshold regional ID assigned by HCA assists nodes to participate in centralized or distributed Cluster-Heads (CHs) selection. MHMLC operation is divided into iterative periods called rounds; furthermore each round is subdivided into multiple phases. The main structural phases of HCA-based well-equipped MHMLC approach are as follows.
4.1. Regional Dimensions Preparation Phase
The total number of scattered sensors experiences initialization in network region of (boundaries of ) by the BS. Initially all nodes utilize basic clustering criteria distributively by threshold formula of HCA to calculate their distance from BS. Nodes, within specific radius of centrally located BS, upgrade their regional ID as Centralized Level Nodes (CLNs); similarly outsider nodes upgrade their regional ID as Distributed Level Nodes (DLNs): where NDL is Nodes Distance Level and rL is radius Level of BS. In mobility based scenario NDL gradation will occur in every round but in static environment nodes just need initial gradation that will be considered during whole network operation. Nodes upgraded to DLNs suddenly proceed with distributive HCA algorithm property; otherwise they wait for BS to initialize centralized HCA selection of CHs. Transmission of events that occurred demands representative CHs, and each CH accommodates set of member nodes (MNs) in its cluster.
4.2. Distributed Property of HCA’s CHs Selection
HCA starts cognitive selection of optimum number of CHs in heterogenous distributed environment. DLNs are made location-aware through GPS installed equipment, able to memorize initial energy level (), with computational ability to calculate their residual energy level (), and Energy Consumption Rate (ECR). In heterogeneous environment these values play tie breaker role for HCA to select the most suitable CHs. Nodes initialize exchanging hello packets with (, , ECR) within tier-one level neighbors. Initial hello packets contain timer field that allows single-hop propagation; after that it will decrease to , so second-tier level neighbors will be saved from overhearing effect.
In distributed CHs selection, all nodes have their election weight; ideally in case of homogeneous environment every node (where ) has equal probability of , to become CH over specific period of epoch. In heterogeneous environment, every has different responsibility to serve as CH that depends upon its , while, over a single period, a set of () serves as leading nodes to transmit their respective cluster report. In heterogeneous network, nodes with higher weights have better chance to become CHs, so their epoch size will also be small. Average residual energy of DLNs will be Similarly total energy of all is calculated to measure CH’s selection probability of heterogeneous : where represents extra energy factor of higher energy nodes, while optimal amount of CHs is prescribed as
Equation (13) indicates the fact that, in heterogeneous environment, optimal number of CHs depends upon the remaining energy resources. DLNs participate in probabilistic election to declare themselves as CHs. Each node individually calculates a threshold with the following equation: In this equation, is calculation of threshold, computed independently on every node , is group of nodes which are competing in this distributed election of current round, and is distance from BS. This distance factor increases the chance of nodes closer to BS to be selected as CH. This selection helps to keep data transmissions towards BS, which efficiently avoids backward transmissions. Now every node generates a random number and compares its value to . If is greater than random number; then it will be selected as potential CH; otherwise it will automatically consider itself as member node.
Heterogeneity-awareness establishes the fact that nodes with different energy maintain different probability levels, so probability is calculated as where is probability of normal node (lower energy level node); similarly probability of advance nodes (higher energy nodes) can be calculated as In similar fashion, value of can be calculated for two-level heterogeneity: For multilevel heterogeneous network can be calculated as
The above equations indicate that the higher residual energy and the smaller distance of from BS enhance the probability of them to be elected as CHs. Nodes also generate the last threshold to break the epoch rounds if it is getting longer to terminate the traffic flow from the same CHs that will distribute burden evenly; epoch threshold is calculated as
4.3. Centralized Property of HCA’s CHs Selection
Simultaneously, within central region waits for BS to initialize cluster-formation. Central property of hybrid HCA executes few computational works to calculate Energy Consumption Ratio (ECR) for each :After calculating ECR, HCA calculates their Residual Energy Ratio (RER): where is distance of from BS. If we add ECR equation, the RER will be After calculation of ECR and RER for current round, HCA calculates the integrated value of nodes’ ECR and RER over certain period of epoch. As energy consumption rate is power , HCA utilizes Riemann sum for power dissipated over time. This ECR over time period of epoch can be calculated as approximation: where Epoch-ECR is ECR of whole epoch. Integral form of this energy consumption over epoch period will be Similarly, HCA computes the RER of previous epoch with the above equations; in this way BS selects set of suitable nodes with minimum energy consumption and maximum residual energy. Distance factor also plays tie breaker rule to select a CLN as CH node for central region node. The pseudocode of hybrid CHs selection of HCA is shown in Algorithm 1.
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These following work-steps represent the CHs section procedure indicated by the above HCA algorithm.
Step 1. Initially, location-awareness of nodes distributes nodes into CLNs and DLNs.
Step 2. DLNs calculate respective probability of being selected as CHs.
Step 2.1. DLNs calculate threshold values.
Step 2.2. DLNs generate random number and compare it with threshold value.
Step 2.3. If the random number is less than threshold, nodes select themselves as CHs.
Step 3. BS computes ECR for CLNs.
Step 3.1. BS computes Epoch-ECR and then selects a set of potential CHs.
Step 3.2. BS finally selects as CHs for centralized region.
4.4. Association Phase of MHMLC
Successfully elected CHs in both regions start broadcasting in neighborhood by exchanging hello packets. CHs switch their radio mode from sleep to active and remain active during the whole round until they perform as CHs, while non-CHs are allowed to stay in sleep mode after certain reporting time. Non-CHs receive multiple advertisements from the neighborhood and then calculate the association criteria to associate with best CH. where RSSI is Received Signal Strength Indication (RSSI) that is major factor in deciding link quality to minimize packet drop ratio and path loss. In order to avoid collision and packet drop, non-CHs generate association request using CSMA MAC protocol, while CHs keep waiting to receive the final decision of nodes. As neighbor nodes send their association preference, CHs finalize cluster-formation and start multicasting TDMA slots; in this way member nodes can transmit sensed reports within specific scheduling.
4.5. Network Transmission Phase of MHMLC
Transmission phase represents the actual communication of environmental reports from the network field. MHMLC adopts outstanding unique multihopping in order to achieve the goal of energy efficiency, reliability, and minimum delay transmission. For intracluster communication, MHMLC adopts short range single-hop transmissions, while multihopping is implemented for intercluster communications. In this technique, multiple links are created by availability of intermediate CHs that accept communicative neighborhood that offer maximum reliability with minimum link energy-budget. Initially all selected CHs react as only source node for associated clusters and initiate route discovery. In this process, CHs transmit route-request including demanded criteria for intermediate CHs and in response receive available multipath IDs that construct possibility index for source CHs and intermediate CHs. This route discovery process enables intermediate CHs to elect best next-hop neighboring CHs towards the BS. All these processes create rating index of available multipaths and CHs select the best one based on highest ranking. This ranking function delivers like a proxy server in order to select a suitable neighbor CH. Source CH scores intermediate CHs by the ratio of cluster load and service time . The theoretical ideal ranking the CHs can be calculated by
But in realistic implementation there are so many factors playing their part to affect scoring mechanism among which calculation delay and uncertainty weight are the most significant factors. Now more realistic scoring function of a neighbor CH can be calculated: where is the scoring function. This linear scoring ranking of neighbor CHs can mislead all source CHs to fight for the most fast neighbor with lowest load and quickest response time as the above equation provides conclusive evidence. To tackle this greedy algorithmic nature source CH includes another factor of distance between source CH and possible neighbor CHs in range. This neighbor realistic selection can be calculated by following equation: where is distance towards neighbor CHs. The above equation just provides flexibility in order to select neighbor CHs as intermediate CHs. For further enhancement, HCA restricts intermediate CHs selection, by set of threshold values. This threshold-based selecting ability of intermediate CHs can be calculated as where T(NCH) is threshold value to select the intermediate CHs, one specific neighbor from is the available neighbor CHs pool; if we put the value of , then we get the following:
Now source CHs can utilize these scoring functions threshold values to create effective intermediate CH rate selection that will help all intermediate CHs not to drain energy due to repeated selection. These thresholds can be applied to provide further more controlled load balancing in the system. This load balancing also indicates that less tested intermediate CH, although having slow processing capability, provides availability to source CHs. In this load balancing multihopping technique we can achieve the reliability and low delay transmission that can achieve better energy efficiency to prolong the network lifetime. Flow chart of proposed MHMLC can be observed in Figure 2.
5. Simulation Results and Discussion
This section evaluates the performance analysis over simulations experiments of MHMLC and its compared protocols. MATLAB is used to simulate existing protocols along with of MHMLC. Simulative results under conventional setting have been observed in order to maintain the realistic outcomes. Random distribution of nodes is initialized in specific settings. Homogeneous sensors are scattered within specific radius of centralized BS, while heterogeneous nodes are scattered outside centralized region. Initial clustering operation of MHMLC test is shown in Figure 3. Moreover, radius size, number of nodes, and whole network size have been modified extensively in order to judge the performance in different scenario. Initial network parameters and linear radio model’s specifications are given in Table 2.
Performance of MHMLC has been critically analyzed after testing experiments in presence of existing state of the art routing protocols like SEP, DEEC, LEACH, LEACH-C, and HADCC.
The following performance measurement criteria are usually considered vital for critical analysis.
(1) Network Lifetime. Network lifetime is prescribed by the total duration of network operation until last node is alive.
(2) Stability Period. It is the duration of network operation over which all nodes are alive and it ends with expiry of first node in the network. Stability is a key factor that describes the performance of overall network throughput.
(3) Instability Period. When nodes begin to die, instability period is started; during this period network faces drastic packet drop.
(4) Selection of CHs. It indicates the number of CHs generated per round. Periodic operation experiences fluctuation in selection of CHs in every round. This fluctuation determines expected data delivery ratio and path loss experienced by WSNs.
(5) Packet to BS. This shows the amount of data successfully received by BS from CHs.
5.1. Overall Network Operational Period and Stability Period
Figure 4 shows stability period and overall network lifetime of competed protocols in initial network scenario of 100 m × 100 m with 100 nodes. This experiment indicates that MHMLC attains 127%, 109%, 91%, 58%, and 5% better stability period than LEACH, SEP, LEACH-C, DEEC, and HADCC protocols, respectively. More significantly network lifetime of MHMLC is almost 9, 8, and 3 times better than LEACH, LEACH-C, and DEEC, respectively, while, in case of HADCC, it shows 51% betterment. Figure 5 shows that the resistance during instable period in case of LEACH, LEACH-C, SEP, and DEEC nodes experiences sudden expiration after first node death and HADCC produces some fight but its single-hop transmissions cause early exit of alive nodes. However, MHMLC design is flexible enough that distributes traffic burden intelligently over CHs and attains higher instable period along with stability period and network life time.
Figures 6 and 7 indicate performances measurements over network areas 300 m × 300 m and 500 m × 500 m, respectively. 300 m × 300 m and 500 m × 500 m network areas contain 150 nodes and 200 nodes, respectively. Figures 6 and 7 provide clear indications of degradation of all competed protocols as network area and network density get increased, where, in both cases, MHMLC make sure of having better stability and network life time as compared to other protocols. Furthermore, we extended simulation-based experiment to 700 m × 700 m and 1000 m × 1000 m. Overall stability period can be analyzed in Figure 8. As network scalability and density increase, the multihopping ability of MHMLC becomes more relevant factor of improvement.
5.2. Efficient Network Settling and Transmission Phase
In Figure 9 outcomes indicate achieved performance of throughput results which validate the maximum data delivery in case of MHMLC, while other protocols like DEEC and HADCC have some competency but in the long term these protocols face higher path loss. SF-based multihop capability of MHMLC enables the sustainable intercluster communication that provides resistance to maintain link connectivity during transmissions phase. These characteristics of MHMLC result in higher data delivery as path-fault tolerance and reconfiguration abilities have been featured in proposed model. These abilities minimize the possibility of fatal packet drops and enable MHMLC protocol to produce better throughput as compared to other protocols.
In Figure 10, another important phenomenon has been illustrated in the process of CHs generations during the operation network. Conventional distributed protocols of LEACH, SEP, and DEEC cause drastic fluctuations up to 1–33% CHs, while HCA makes sure of the selection of optimal CHs and minimization of fluctuations to 8–12%. Initial efficient intracluster CHs of hybrid HCA algorithm continue till selection of intermediate CHs for multihop intercluster communications. Figure 11 indicates higher fluctuation of CHs selection in extended network area of 300 m × 300 m with 150 nodes, which reflects the fact that cluster-formation is more challenging in bigger network. These higher fluctuations bring down the performance of fully centralized or distributed protocols; in this scenario hybrid cluster-formation of MHMLC becomes more relevant and provides better performance than compared protocols.
5.3. Packet Delivery Ratio, Path Loss, and End-to-End Delay
In conventional settings, ideal assumptions define the optimistic transmission model. This optimistic model knowingly ignores the signal distortions effects like interference, fading, and signal attenuation. Furthermore, BS unfolds the enveloped reports with 100% success without any consideration of sampling error rate. But in real network scenario, these challenges occur and need careful probabilistic measurement to calculate more actual efficiency. Current performance evolution adopts uniform random distribution model that determines packet drop () probability. changes dynamically according to the network mobility pattern and distance between sensor nodes and BS. Link quality plays tie breaker role and always demanded to be high to compete with for better packets delivery. Deterministic value of is as follows: is packet drop probability in single-hop intercluster communication conditions. in multihop intercluster communications will be less drastic as CHs use short range intermediate CHs, and it can be expressed as
In order to measure the packet drop ratio deeply in simulation environment, we increase initial energy level of all nodes to get better observations over longer period network operation. Figure 12 shows that packet delivery ratio of MHMLC is way better than other compared protocols. A major reason behind this development advocates the fact that nodes start getting drained out and lesser nodes remain alive, which causes unwanted phenomena of higher as compared to multihop . Similarly path loss of distributed routing models is much higher than MHMLC as shown in Figure 13. MHMLC maintains the better connectivity and utilizes short distance radio links intelligently. Figure 14 indicates the end-to-end delay faced by tested protocols, and this result indicates the lower delay in case of proposed model. This delay reduction is due to less complex HCA’s central selection of CHs in nearby region of BS, which later on adopts direct transmissions to BS.
5.4. Path Loss and Packet Delivery Ratio of Proposed Model in Different Scenario
We simulated MHMLC extensively, with respect to different scenarios; to represent better picture we selected four scenarios of network model of 100 m × 100 m, 1500 m × 150 m, 170 m × 170 m, and 200 m × 200 m. But in every scenario we extended node’s initial energy in order to study the data transmission metrics. Figures 15 and 16 show the performance measurements of data delivery ratio and path loss for MHMLC with different network size. These figures depict that as network size increases, the performance decrement occurs significantly. This also highlights the encouraging fact that MHMLC resists well and makes it possible to keep data delivery ratio acceptable in bigger network execution. Figure 17 indicates the fact that the larger number of alive nodes will result in more complex cluster-formation. This causes redundant transmission paths that add overhead to make routing decisions. So initially we notice significant delay when network is too crowded but with network operation as density goes low, the routing complexity starts getting reduced and minimizes the delay.
6. Conclusion and Future Work
This paper proposes heterogeneity-sensitive routing protocol called MHMLC, with novel Hybrid Clustering Algorithm (HCA) that contributes to efficient CHs selection. HCA adds flexibility in MHMLC with introducing reliable cluster-formation. HCA adopts partially distributed CHs selection heterogeneous region and partial central CHs selection central homogeneous region with coordination of BS. Another significant improvement of MHMLC is its unique multihopping support during interclustering communication. Obtained performance analysis of simulations results with multiple conventional routing protocols encourage our proposed model, as MHMLC outperforms all other protocols. Experimental results validate our theoretical proposal of MHMLC and indicate significant developments that result in better network lifetime, stability, and data delivery for WSNs.
In this paper, we test our proposal in simulations environment; further research on practical implementation and its performance betterment in extraordinary large network can be fruitful.
Notations
| HCA: | Hybrid Clustering Algorithm |
| NDL: | Nodes Distance Level |
| DLN: | Distributed Level Nodes |
| CLN: | Centralized Level Nodes |
| ASH: | Average Surface Height |
| TDPCH: | Total Desired Percentage of Cluster-Heads |
| : | Probability of normal nodes |
| : | Probability of advance nodes |
| RER: | Residual Energy Ratio |
| : | Cluster load |
| : | Service time |
| : | Calculation delay |
| : | Uncertainty weight |
| : | Significant factor |
| T(NCH): | Threshold value of Neighbor CH |
| : | Transceiver energy |
| : | Total energy consumption |
| : | Circuitry Receiving Energy |
| : | Circuitry Transmitting Energy |
| : | Desired percentage of DLNs |
| : | Desired percentage of CLNs. |
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper.
Acknowledgments
This research is supported in part by National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) (no. 61272523, no. 61471084) and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities.