Abstract
A compact printed UWB antenna with triple band-notched characteristics is proposed. Instead of conventional uniform width slots, two pairs of quarter-wavelength length nonuniform width slots are embedded into the radiating patch and the ground plane to achieve triple notched bands at 3.5, 5.5, and 8.1 GHz. A parameter study is performed to examine the effect of widths and lengths of the slots on the band-notched characteristics. It indicates that the centre frequencies and the bandwidth of notched bands can be controlled by tuning the physical parameters of the slots. Frequency domain measurements including return loss, antenna transfer function, group delay, and gain of the proposed antenna have been carried out. Corresponding results demonstrate that compact UWB antennas with multiple notched bands can be obtained by using nonuniform width slots.
1. Introduction
Since the spectrum of 3.1–10.6 GHz was released by the Federal Communication Commission (FCC) for commercial applications, ultrawideband (UWB) systems have attracted more and more attention, due to their merits of high data rate, low power consumption, and good immunity to multipath interference. A wide range of investigations have been done on UWB antennas which play key roles in UWB systems. Printed UWB antennas have advantages over some others owing to their low profile, conformability, and easy fabrication property [1–3].
However, UWB system design faces many challenges, the serious one of which is interference with other coexisting narrow band communication systems such as WLAN, WiMAX, and ITU X-band satellite communication systems operating in 3.3–3.7 GHz, 5.15–5.825 GHz, and 8.025–8.4 GHz, respectively. This problem can be overcome by using an antenna with inherent band-notched characteristic rather than adopting an extra filter which may increase the complication, area, and cost of a UWB system. A popular method to realize A band-notched function is to embed a uniform width slot into the radiation element [4–6] or the ground plane [7–9] of the UWB antennas. However, these antennas only have one or two notched bands; thus, potential interference from other narrow bands can not be filtered out. Multiple band-notched antennas have been realized by introducing multiple band-notched elements [10, 11] or a single element [12, 13]. Nevertheless, among most antennas mentioned above, there are three issues. Firstly, in order to incorporate more band-notched elements, too much area is occupied. This does not satisfy the demand on the miniaturization of UWB systems. Secondly, due to mutual coupling among band-notched elements, the feature of each element is not independent. This increases the difficulty of UWB antenna design. Thirdly, a spurious resonance leads to a limited operating bandwidth which does not cover the whole UWB band from 3.1 to 10.6 GHz. Therefore, an effective approach should be provided to adjust the characteristic of each notched band according to a specification.
In this paper, a compact UWB antenna with triple notched bands is proposed. Instead of a uniform width slot which only creates a single notched band, a pair of nonuniform width slots are inserted symmetrically into the radiating patch to achieve dual notched bands at 3.5 and 8.1 GHz. The centre frequencies of the two notched bands can be adjusted flexibly by carefully tuning the widths and lengths of the slots. Besides, another pair of nonuniform width slots are embedded symmetrically into the ground plane to obtain a notched band at 5.5 GHz. The proposed method of using nonuniform width slot can be readily realized and retains the compact size of a UWB antenna.
2. Antenna Configuration
As shown in Figure 1, the proposed antenna consists of a radiating element with three staircases on the front side and a ground plane with a rectangular notch on the back side for optimum impedance matching. The patch is fed by a 50- microstrip line of 1.67 mm width terminated with a SMA connector. The whole antenna is fabricated on a Rogers 4350B substrate with a relative permittivity of 3.66, a loss tangent of 0.0037, and a thickness of 0.762 mm. A pair of quarter-wavelength nonuniform width inverted L-shaped slots are symmetrically embedded on the radiating patch to create the dual notched bands with centre frequencies of 3.5 and 8.1 GHz, while another pair of quarter-wavelength nonuniform width straight slots corresponding to the notched band centred at 5.5 GHz are etched into the ground plane.
The optimized physical parameters of the proposed antenna are as follows: mm, mm, mm, mm, mm, mm, mm, mm, mm, mm, mm, mm, mm, mm, mm, mm, mm, mm, and mm. The proposed antenna is symmetrical with respect to the longitudinal direction. Moreover, a reference antenna without slots but with the same parameters was also fabricated and measured for comparison.
3. Results and Discussion
The proposed antenna was designed and optimized using CST Microwave Studio and a simulation cycle took about half an hour with a quad-core server. Finally, the proposed antenna and reference antenna were fabricated and measured using a vector network analyzer Agilent E5071C. Figures 2(a) and 2(b) show the photograph of the proposed and reference antenna, respectively. Both simulated and measured return loss curves for the proposed antenna are shown in Figure 3. For comparison, results of the reference antenna are also presented in Figure 3. It can be seen that the proposed antenna has an ultrawide operating band from 2.7 to 12.3 GHz for −10 dB, which covers the entire UWB band. Furthermore, as predicted, triple desired notched bands of 3.19–3.97 GHz, 5.16–5.85 GHz, and 7.88–8.59 GHz for −10 dB are achieved. If we want to further improve the reflection coefficient, an extra resonant structure can be added which resonates at the notch frequency. In conclusion, the proposed antenna successfully avoids interference with WLAN, WiMAX, and ITU X-band satellite communication systems and retains an ultrawideband performance.
(a)
(b)
A parameter study is performed to further understand the effects of widths and lengths of the nonuniform width slots on the triple band-notched characteristics. Simulated return loss values for the proposed antenna in terms of and are shown in Figure 4(a). It is observed that as decreases from 1.2 to 0.6 mm and increases from 0.1 to 0.6 mm, the nonuniform width slots on the patch convert to uniform width slots and the ratio between the first and third notched band centre frequencies increases from 2 to 3. As shown in Figure 4(b), with the increase of and from 7.5 to 9 mm, the first and third notched band centre frequencies shift down from 3.95 to 3.29 GHz and from 9 to 7.47 GHz, respectively, while the ratio between them is almost unchanged and maintains about 2.27. By tuning either the widths or the lengths, the first and third notched band centre frequencies can not be altered independently. However, as shown in Figure 4(c), through carefully adjusting the widths and the lengths together, the third notched band centre frequency can be changed freely with the first notched band centre frequency fixed at 3.5 GHz. Moreover, if the third notched band acts as a spurious resonance and is not desired, one can push it up away from the UWB band to maintain the UWB performance of the antenna by enlarging the ratio between and . Thus, an effective approach is provided to flexibly adjust the position of the dual notched bands introduced by the nonuniform width slots or to eliminate the third notched band, if it is undesired. Relative parameters of various slots on the patch with different widths and lengths are listed in Table 1. The effect of and on the centre frequency of the second notched band is presented in Figure 5(a). By altering and from 3.1 to 4.6 mm, the centre frequency decreases from 6.2 to 4.4 GHz. It is worth noting that the centre frequency of the second notched band is also influenced by and significantly, as indicated in Figure 4(b). In addition, Figure 5(c) reveals that the bandwidth is also controllable by carefully tuning the length and width of the slots together. An interesting phenomenon is also found that, for the same centre frequency, larger ratio between and results in shorter slot length. As shown in Table 2, compared to an conventional uniform width slot, the length of a nonuniform width slot () can be reduced by 31.8%. Therefore, a nonuniform width slot can be incorporated in limited space by adjusting the ratio between the widths of different segments.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(a)
(b)
(c)
In order to understand the behavior of the nonuniform width slots, especially at the triple notched bands, surface current distributions at 3.5, 5.5, and 8 GHz are simulated and illustrated in Figures 6(a), 6(b), and 6(c), respectively. It is clear from Figure 6(b) that the surface current distribution at 5.5 GHz is mainly concentrated on the slots embedded into the ground plane, while it is very week on the radiating patch as well as the ground plane. As illustrated in Figures 6(a) and 6(c), the current at 3.5 and 8 GHz is large on the slots inserted into the patch, while it is very small on the patch and the ground. This demonstrates that both the notched bands at 3.5 and 8 GHz are generated by the same pair of slots on the patch. Furthermore, it can be observed from Figure 6(c) that, beside the node (Node I) at the open end of the slots on the patch, there is another node (Node II) at the turning. Accordingly, the third notched band at 8 GHz is generated by the second-order resonance of the nonuniform width slots on the patch.
(a)
(b)
(c)
Simulated and measured radiation patterns for the proposed antenna in XY- and ZX-plane at 4.5 and 7 GHz are displayed and compared in Figures 7(a) and 7(b). The antenna has good and stable omnidirectional radiation patterns with a noncircularity less than 5 dB in ZX-plane and nearly dumbbell-shaped radiation patterns in XY-plane. Transfer function and group delay were measured by using a pair of identical proposed antennas mounted on two ports of the VNA face to face with a distance of 150 mm. The measured results are shown in Figure 8, compared with the results of reference antenna without notched bands. It can be seen that the transfer function is almost flat from 3 to 10 GHz with a variation less than 5 dB, while triple notched bands at 3.5, 5.5, and 8 GHz with transfer gain reduction of −30, −15, and −20 dB are observed. As shown in Figure 8, the group delay keeps constant over the entire UWB band with a fluctuation less than 1 ns except for variations in the notched bands. This characteristic reveals that the proposed antenna has an excellent phase linearity which results in less signal distortion [14]. Figure 9 presents the gains of both the proposed and reference antennas. As observed, sharp reduction occurs at each notched band as expected, and the maximum gain suppression is 12 dB at 3.5 GHz.
(a)
(b)
4. Conclusion
A compact printed UWB antenna has been proposed and analyzed in detail. Triple notched bands were achieved by using two pairs of novel nonuniform width slots inserted into the radiating patch and the ground plane instead of conventional uniform width slots. The first and third notched bands at 3.5 and 8.1 GHz are generated by the first and second resonance of the slots, respectively. By carefully tuning the widths and lengths of the slots together, the centre frequencies and bandwidths are controllable. Furthermore, compared to conventional uniform width slot, the entire length of nonuniform width slot can be reduced by 31.8% for the same resonant frequency. This feature is suitable for the miniaturization of UWB antenna. Therefore, the proposed antenna based on nonuniform width slots is expected for miniature UWB systems with immunity to multiple narrow bands interference or for multiband applications.
Competing Interests
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.
Acknowledgments
The authors acknowledge the support of the Key Project of National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant no. 51538007) and the Project of National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant no. 71101096).