A Study on the Effects of Heavy Backpack and Development of a Preventative Prototype

Table 1

Curvature of different parts of spine with different weights of backpacks at different position.

	Condition	Mean; curvature (degree)	Standard deviation	value
Thoracic angle	0–10% body weight [3].	47.4	13.6	0.157
	Body weight > 10% [3].	43.8	12.7	0.157
Lumbar lordosis angle	0–10% body weight [3].	26.6	14.3	0.266
	Body weight > 10% [3].	23.9	11.7	0.266
Trunk flexion	0–25% body weight [9].	9.66–3.06	7.87–2.06	<0.001
	After exercise [10].	10.5	4.5	0.04
	Body weight; < 10% [8].	4.2	1.9	0.179
	Stand, body; weight = 0% [11]	−8.1		0
		0	0.25
	Stand, body weight < 10% [11].	2.15	0.15
		2.4	0
	Stand, body weight > 10% [11].	6.2	0.6
		5	0
	Walk, body weight = 0% [11].	0.5	5.2
		8.4	3.6
	Walk, body weight < 10% [11].	9.9	4.6
		9.75	2.05
	Walk, body weight > 10% [11].	15	4.8
		7.8	6.1
	Run, body weight = 0% [11].	10.9	2.2
		10.6	4.7
	Run, body weight < 10% [11].	23	1.1
		17.15	2.88
	Run, body weight > 10% [11].	21.6	3.2
		10.95
		2.65
Sacral angle	Body weight; < 10% [8].	24.5	9.8	0.054
	Body weight; > 10% [8].	19.5	10.2	0.054