A Model-Based Virtual Sensor for Condition Monitoring of Li-Ion Batteries in Cyber-Physical Vehicle Systems

Table 1

Compared error values (average of the absolute error in volts) of the proposed method and Xu et al.’s [21] and AbuSharkh and Doerffel’s [20] methods. The proposed method was the best in all cases, with statistically significant differences ( value of a Mann–Whitney test lower than 0.05). The only nonstatistical difference was at C/25 between the proposed method and Xu et al.’s.

Current	Proposed; method	Upper limit; (Ah)	Xu et al.’s; method [21]	value	AbuSharkh and Doerffel’s method [20]	value
C/25	0.0094	44	0.0378	0.1557	0.0393	0.0454
C/5	0.0117	44	0.0181	0.0046	0.0192	0.0007
C/3	0.0117	40	0.0181	0.0001	0.0192
C/2	0.0115	40	0.0188		0.0173
C	0.0186	40	0.0188		0.0188