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| References | Layers/levels | Main components | Applications |
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| [8] | Application, sensor-cloud, physical WSNs | Sensor-cloud sensing as a service, request aggregator, and virtual and physical sensor manager | Generalized for any type of applications |
| [9] | Client centric, middleware, sensor centric | User membership management, provision management, service catalogue, billing management, data collection, and WSN maintenance | Support multiple application environments |
| [11] | Application, internet, sensor network | User smartphone, internet, server, gateways, resources nodes, monitor, and camera | Framework for task execution |
| [14] | Sensor cloud, on-field sensor network | Sensor cloud, on-field sensor network, soil moisture sensors, gateway nodes, and terrestrial sensors | Specialized in agricultural field |
| [16] | Global sensor network (GSN), mobile sensor data engine, and devices | Context aware mobile sensor data engine, activity-aware module, location aware module, and GSN middleware | Environment monitoring and health services |
| [18] | Sensor, middleware, application, cloud | Mobile devices embedded with sensor, middleware, applications, and cloud server | Mobile sensing |
| [19] | Cloud user, cloud systems, sensing | Sensing server, load balancer, web server, and database server | Sensing service |
| [20] | End user, sensor cloud, physical sensor | Sensor owners, sensor cloud, access point, virtualization, and processing | Environment monitoring and target tracking |
| [21] | Application, virtual, physical | Data quality (DQ) services catalogue, DQ monitor, and DQ aware adaptation | Environmental management |
| [23] | Sensor layer, edge layer, cloud layer | Sensor nodes, virtual sensor nodes, and cloud applications | Physiological and environmental monitoring |
| [24] | Service, storage, data, activities, transportation, physical | Web service, storage allocation, security management, data analyzing, filtering & reconstruction units, response monitoring, service monitoring, router, and physical or virtual sensor group | Numerical data compression |
| [25] | Physical, internet of things (IoT) | Data processor, participating devices, big data storage, control and wisdom box, decision enhancer, and knowledge graph | Smartphones in the IoT |
| [28] | Application, cloud system, middleware, physical device | Quality of service broker, decision-making engine, and configuration module | Urban crowd sensing and data analysis |
| [29] | Consumer, cloud services, controller, producer | Customizable motes, network controllers, DQ energy optimizer cloud services, and cloud service customer interface | Producer consumer data flow |
| [30] | User, server, mobile client | Network, server, database, task information, mobile client, and users | Mobile computing system |
| [31] | Internet, virtual sink, sensor zone | Internet, sink point/cloud nodes, sensor zone, and scheduler | Distributed storing and processing data |
| [32] | Cloud, edge and beneath | Gateway, sensor, and cloud systems | Monitoring environment |
| [33] | Applications, smartphone access layer, smartphones | Smart phone resource monitoring, query registry, query evaluation engine, and rule mining engine | Query evaluation |
| [34] | Sensor layer, coordinator layer, supervision layer | Sensors, XBee platform, REST web services, firewall, web app, and iPhone app | Smart homes, healthcare, vehicular networks |
| [36] | Application, sensor, physical | Crowd-sourced route database and mobile device with GPS-enabled and altitude sensors | Altitude matching |
| [38] | Remote clouds, camera sensor, local cloud access point, scalar sensor | Sensor, virtual machine, camera selector, camera controller, coverage optimizer, and cloudlet status | Complex event monitoring |
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