A DLM-LSTM Framework for North-South Land Deformation Trend Analysis from Low-Cost GPS Sensor Time Series

Table 1

Performance of trend extraction methods.

Method	RMSE (mm)	MAPE
DLM	17.2129	0.0930	0.9903
Kalman	35.5304	0.3113	0.6994
STL	135.2132	0.4219	0.3907