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| Study | Application | Sensors | Devices | Subjects (M : F) | Method | Interactions | Outcome |
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| 2016 [52] | WatchOut New three gesture families | Inertial measurement unit (IMU) sensors with 200–250 Hz frequency | LG Urbane smartwatch and Sony SmartWatch 3 | 7 to build 2 classification models test: 12 subjects (8 : 4) and 6698 gesture samples collected. | SVM with 192 features | Side, bezel, and band of the watch. | 88.7% to 99.4% |
| 2016 [53] | Watch MI
Augments normal touch input on a smartwatch | IMU with sensor fusion composed of an Invensense M651 6-axis accelerometer and gyroscope, and an Asahi Kasei AK8963 3-axis compass sensor with 100 Hz frequency | LG Urbane smartwatch | User study: 1152 valid trials (12 participants × 24 regions × 4 repetitions).
Experiment: 12 volunteers (9 : 3) (3 left-handed) aged (20–36) (M: 25.8, SD: 5.2). | Analyzes in real-time | Omni-direction pressure touch, bi-direction twist, and omni-direction panning. | 98.4% |
| 2016 [54] | Circular selection proposes a list selection user interface designed for small round touchscreens. | Touchscreen | Android Wear platform displayed on a Motorola Moto 360 smartwatch | User study 1: 24
User study 2: 15 | — | Circular selection list with 3 selection methods of fixed ring, movable ring, and jump back ring. | Outperforms traditional smartwatch list interfaces for user preference and task completion time (66% large lists and 45% small lists) |
| 2016 [55] | Whoosh Uses nonvoice acoustic input for microinteractions on smartwatches | 48 kHz frequency | LG G Watch (Android), single monophonic microphone, and Motorola Droid Turbo (Android) smartphone to explore multidevice interaction | 8 participants in the laboratory and 4 participants in-the-wild | SVM: total of 52 features + 26 features based on the deltas of the MFCC coefficients | Blow, sip-and-puff, and directional air swipes “sip” on the watch and “puff” on the phone. (A) short blow, (B) double blow, (C) long blow, (D) swipe up, (E) swipe down, (F) clockwise blow, (G) shoosh, (H) open exhale, and (I)-(J) sip-and-puff. | Unmodified watch was 90.5% with a single classifier
- Instrumental watch case with 14 additional interactions was 91.3% with per-user cross-validation |
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