A Review of Wrist-Worn Wearable: Sensors, Models, and Challenges

Table 3

Comparison of user studies of WWDs.

s	Goal	Devices	Dataset	Method	Outcome
[57] 2015	Study 1: examine usage behaviors; Study 2: analyze battery usage data	Smartwatch	Study 1: 59 smartwatch users; Study 2: 17 Android Wear smartwatch users	Online survey	(1) Many users are satisfied with current battery life.; (2) The drain rate of the smartwatch battery is relatively low compared to that of the smartphone even with very frequent interactions.; (3) Users usually recharge their smartwatch once a day.
[51] 2015	Understand the users’ concerns regarding the interaction with WWDs	11 devices, including fitness trackers, armbands, and smartwatches:	1349 comments between May 2014 and November 2014 from 59 online sources (e-commerce websites and company forums)	Analysis of online reviews	297 key users’ concerns emerged from a bottom-up content analysis involving both the input and the output of data.; 10 design recommendations that can aid to improve the interaction design in novel WWDs.
[58] 2015	How the context of use impacts the user experience and interaction with WWDs	10 popular WWDs:	545 comments between 2010 and 2016 from Amazon	Analysis of online comments; A qualitative analysis (coding) was combined with a quantitative approach (frequencies of occurrences)	Analysis of 31 interaction problems related to the users’ contexts (platform, computational, and technological issues).; Suggests that most problems are classified as significant or catastrophic, leading to both the users’ frustration and task interruptions.; Propose design implications: customization, adaptation, and personalization are essential in the UX design process for WWDs.
[59] 2016	How smartwatches are used, what for, and in what contexts.	Two wearable cameras and Apple watch	34 days 12 participants of ages 23–36	Recordings and interviews: capture and analysis using wearable cameras to record daily use of smartwatches using a small “sensor bag” to capture the users’ body and wrist.	1009 watch uses.; Most prominent uses for the watch in turn: timekeeping, notifications, activity tracking, and applications (third-party apps: Instagram, Twitter, and Nike Plus).
[60] 2016	Study of real-life experiences with three wearable activity trackers	Fitbit, Jawbone Up, and Nike+ FuelBand	133 responses by activity trackers in the US (median 30 years old, 35% female) on Amazon Mechanical Turk	Online survey	Revealed a user’s experience derived from the needs of physical thriving or relatedness.
[61] 2015	Explore current smartwatch use	2 Samsung Galaxy Gears, 2 Pebbles, and a Moto 36	5 from the San Francisco - 2 females and 3 males (ages 18–51)	Semistructured interview	Should take as much care in designing a beautiful app that will be “worn” as device.
[62] 2015	Effectiveness of a smartphone application and wearable device for weight loss	Standard diet intervention, smartphone application, and wearable device	70 primary care patients aged 18 or older,; Control group,; Experimental group,; Time: 12 months	Experimental group and control group	Change in body weight at 3, 6, and 12 months in the experimental group, compared with the control group.; Effectiveness of most popular free apps and wearable devices for weight loss.