Tile-Based Semisupervised Classification of Large-Scale VHR Remote Sensing Images

Table 2

Classification results for the Jeddah dataset using one hidden layer of size 256.

	OA	AA	Time (s)	Z score	Class 1	Class 2	Class 3	Class 4	Class 5	Class 6	Class 7	Class 8	Class 9
VGG-m
NN	86.05	72.84	0.23	0.00	60.32	82.35	54.40	82.38	56.58	73.77	77.03	71.72	96.97
NN + RW	86.42	73.24	0.04	−1.23	60.32	81.76	53.60	84.45	53.68	76.56	77.57	73.91	97.28
Spatial graph in the hidden layer	58.24	36.42	19.86	20.96	17.30	61.57	18.40	8.36	21.86	52.29	36.49	34.22	77.33
Spectral graph in the hidden layer	87.75	77.41	25.29	−2.71	80.00	84.90	57.40	81.77	80.57	59.34	86.22	69.69	96.81
NN + spectral graph + RW	88.33	78.08	0.04	−3.59	80.64	84.71	56.80	83.05	81.25	61.97	85.95	71.41	97.01
GoogleNet
NN	84.48	73.23	0.23	0.00	71.75	87.45	55.20	71.89	75.86	44.81	83.78	72.35	96.00
NN + RW	85.21	74.39	0.04	−2.44	72.86	87.45	55.20	75.80	76.94	46.12	84.59	74.38	96.14
Spatial graph in the hidden layer	77.37	58.45	20.05	6.59	47.30	87.65	11.60	78.72	70.21	35.57	58.92	45.31	90.81
Spectral graph in the hidden layer	85.97	76.82	26.38	−2.57	73.65	91.57	60.60	81.10	87.82	39.07	91.08	70.94	95.55
NN + spectral graph + RW	86.46	77.76	0.04	−3.32	74.92	91.77	60.80	84.27	89.33	37.60	91.89	73.59	95.67
ResNet
NN	87.68	79.33	0.37	0.00	81.59	83.14	63.80	91.04	75.13	70.00	81.35	73.59	94.36
NN + RW	88.33	79.69	0.05	−2.59	81.27	84.51	62.60	91.28	75.49	70.22	82.70	73.91	95.26
Spatial graph in the hidden layer	78.82	62.59	33.94	10.27	46.03	93.34	33.80	82.38	61.40	64.86	39.73	52.97	88.78
Spectral graph in the hidden layer	88.65	82.96	38.38	−2.00	84.76	91.96	78.00	91.95	79.22	69.73	86.76	70.16	94.12
NN + spectral graph + RW	89.01	82.92	0.06	−2.63	84.29	92.16	76.60	92.44	79.64	69.67	87.30	69.53	94.70
Very-deep-16
NN	88.41	78.52	0.62	0.00	74.76	88.63	67.60	96.34	57.67	76.45	82.16	65.63	97.45
NN + RW	89.37	78.98	0.09	−3.77	80.95	88.24	84.00	93.90	50.26	86.89	81.08	51.56	96.85
Spatial graph in the hidden layer	68.79	56.74	60.98	16.15	44.60	67.06	29.60	54.15	67.41	48.64	72.16	49.06	77.97
Spectral graph in the hidden layer	90.28	83.45	96.01	−3.00	82.86	90.59	74.80	93.96	74.77	73.28	95.67	68.28	96.86
NN + spectral graph + RW	91.23	83.68	0.09	−4.67	84.13	90.59	72.40	94.39	74.51	74.48	95.13	69.22	98.25