Review Article

Sensors of Smart Devices in the Internet of Everything (IoE) Era: Big Opportunities and Massive Doubts

Table 3

Personal trait prediction.

WorkSensorFeaturesAlgorithmTraitsResults

[186]AccelerometerTime-domain featuresANN, J48 decision tree algorithms [187], and instance-based learning (IBk) [188]Weight, height, and gender71.2% for gender using IBk, 85.7% for height using ANN, and 78.9% for weight using IBk
[182]Accelerometer and touchscreenTime-domain features, touch pressure, and size-mean nearest neighborUser identificationMore than 96% for identification
[77]TouchscreenDelay between pressing two different keysANN, nearest neighbor, SVM, gradient descent bp, Euclidean distance, linear discriminant analysis, and another 5 algorithmsClassifying children from adultsMore than 92% for SVM and 89% for linear discriminant analysis
[80]TouchscreenDelay and duration of pressingSVMGender classificationAccuracy of 91%
[81]Touchscreen, accelerometer, and gyroscope29 features including: special keys, total keys pressed, number of backspaces used, edit distance, total completion time, average time between keysDecision tree (number of keys), SVC linear kernel (age), SVC linear kernel (gender), logistic regression, -nearest, and Gaussian NBNumber of fingers used, gender, and age80% for the number of fingers, 75% for age, and 60% for gender
[189]Touchscreen gestures, gyroscope, accelerometer14 gesture features, total length, total time, width, height, area, pressure, speed, acceleration, arc distance, and angle start to endSVM, logistic regression, naive Bayes, J48Gender classification71% accuracy for logistic regression
[190]FingerprintWavelet features and singular value decomposition-nearestGender classificationAccuracy exceeded 88%
[87]TouchscreenSwipe gesture speed in four directions and other features from [189]StatisticalThumb length and users’ heightAccuracy of 72% of the relation between thumb length and height