Improving Packet Delivery Performance in Water Column Variations through LOCAN in Underwater Acoustic Sensor Network

Table 1

Literature survey.

S. No.	Author (year)	UWASN routing algorithm	Advantages/disadvantages	Remarks
1	Wang et al. [9]	Energy-aware and void-avoidable routing protocol [9]	Opportunistic directional forwarding strategy (ODFS), avoids cyclic transmission, flooding and voids; optimal trajectory of sink node to be optimized	Water temperature-based routing
2	Toso et al. [10]	Revisiting source routing [10]	Scenario-independent and source-initiated routing can work in any connected topology without any prior information.; Overhead due to route discovery and maintenance	The water column variation for routing is left.
3	Ghafoor and Koo [11]	Cognitive software-defined networking- (SDN-) based routing [11]	Stable route between the source node and destination node; large amount of energy required for spectrum sensing	The salinity-based routing is left.
4	Bouabdallah et al. [12]	Joint routing and energy management [12]	Overcomes the energy sinkhole problem; uniform distribution of load (energy traffic)—even energy depletion and improves network lifespan; not suitable for UWASNs unless upgraded	The temperature of water-based routing is implemented.
5	Coutinho et al. [13]	Opportunistic routing algorithm [13]	Candidate set selection and candidate coordination procedure redundant transmissions; sleep and awake time interval selection	The wave front movement for routing is left.
6	Coutinho et al. [14]	Geographic and opportunistic routing with depth adjustment-based topology control for communication recovery over void regions (GEDAR) [14]	Each node knows the location of all other nodes; reduces retransmission probability; minimizes collision; depth adjustment	Wave front movement and salinity-based routing is implemented.
7	Proposed	Lion optimized cognitive acoustic network (LOCAN)	Solves spatial and TV; avoids Doppler and GS; reduces delay and packet loss	The water temperature, salinity, sedimentation drift, and water column variations are taken for optimized routing.