Sensors Applied for the Detection of Pesticides and Heavy Metals in Freshwaters

Table 1

Summary of studies employing sensors for the detection of pesticides in freshwaters.

Analytes	Sensor types	LOD (ng/ml)	Waterbodies	Ref.
Picloram	Bioelectrochemical	5	Paddy field water	[55]
Malathion	Biosensor	1	Tap water	[56]
Methamidophos	Biosensor	0.01; 0.013	Tap water; River water	[57]
Monocrotophos; Mevinphos; Phosphamidon; Omethoate	Biosensor	0.015; 0.009; 0.012; 0.032	River and tap water	[58]
Bentazone	Electronical	262.3	River water	[59]
Carbaryl; Heptenophos; Fenitrothion	Electrochemical	5.3; 3.6; 160	Wastewater	[60]
Carbofuran; Fenobucarb	Electronical	2; 2	Tap water and farmland water	[61]
Paraoxon; Carbaryl	Bioelectronical	2.8; 8.0	Lagoon water	[62]
Chlorpyrifos; Chlorfenvinfos	Biosensor	0.004; 0.004	Lake water	[63]
Atrazine	Electrochemical	2.2	River water	[64]
Atrazine	Electrochemical	4.5	River water	[65]
Atrazine	Electrochemical	1.9	River water	[66]
Atrazine	Electrochemical	13	River water	[67]
Atrazine; Ametryne	Electrochemical	3.1; 3.8	River water	[68]
Atrazine	Electrochemical	30.2	Natural waters	[69]
Chlorpyrifos oxon; Paraoxon; Malaoxon	Bioelectronical	1.1; 30; 25	River water	[70]
Chlormequat	Bioelectronical	502.74	River and ground water	[71]
Carbofuran; Carbaryl	Bioelectronical	20; 300	Well water	[72]
Paraoxon; Methyl parathion	Bioelectronical	5.5; 5.8	Well water	[73]
Omethoate	Bioelectronical	21.3	Lake water	[74]
Atrazine	Biooptical	0.15	Drinking, lake, and agricultural wastewater	[75]
Isoproturon	Bio-Opt	3	Well water	[76]
Carbaryl	Biooptical	0.029	Drinking water	[77]
Carbendazim; Carbofuran; Benomyl	Biooptical	15; 68; 35	Environmental water	[78]
Carbaryl	Biooptical	0.27	River water	[79]
Fuberidazole; Carbaryl; Benomyl	Biooptical	0.09; 6; 9	River, well, dam, irrigation water	[80]
Fuberidazole; O-Phenylphenol	Biooptical	0.18; 6.1	River and well water	[81]
Linuron	Biooptical	130	Tap, underground, mineral, and river water	[82]
Metsulfuron methyl	Optical	0.14	River, well, and irrigation water	[83]
α-Naphthol; O-Phenylphenol; Thiabendazole	Optical	2; 2; 2	Tap and river water	[84]
Triazine	Biooptical	0.0013	River water	[85]
Thiabendazole	Optical	2.8	Tap, underground, mineral, and river water	[86]
Warfarin	Optical	2	River, lake, and spring water	[87]
Thiabendazole; Metsulfuron methyl	Optical	2.5; 3.3	Well, river, and irrigation water	[88]
N-1-Naphthylphthlamic acid	Optical	8.1	Drinking and mineral water	[89]
1-Naphthylamine		11.2
Thiabendazole	Optical	4.5	Tap, underground, mineral, and river water	[90]
Carbaryl	Biooptical	1.38	Groundwater, tap, and river water	[91]
1-Naphthylamine	Optical	1.1	Well, tap, and urban wastewater	[92]
Paraquat	Optical	0.11	Tap, well, lake, river, and rain water	[93]
Paraquat	Optical	1.6	Wastewater	[94]
Paraquat	Optical	0.003	Tap, mineral, waste, and ground water	[95]
Paraquat	Optical	0.7	Drinking water	[96]
Paraquat	Bioelectrochemical	0.926	River and groundwater	[97]
Paraquat	Biooptical	0.036	River water	[98]
Paraquat	Electronical	23.92	River water	[99]
Paraquat	Electronical	2	Dam, river, and tap water	[100]
Paraquat	Optical	22	River, dam, and mineral water	[101]
Paraquat; Diquat	Ele-optical	0.1; 0.2	River water	[102]
Paraquat; Diquat	Ele-optical	0.2; 0.1	Tap, lake, river, ground, and bog water	[103]
Paraquat; Diquat	Ele-optical	5; 1		[104]
Dipterex; Dursban; Paraquat; Methyl thiophanate; Cartap	Che-optical	5.152; 7.012; 5.143; 6.84; 5.476	Wastewater	[105]
Paraoxon	Optical	0.05	Tap and river water	[106]
Diniconazole	Biooptical	6.4	River and wastewater	[107]
Diuron	Electrochemical	0.00125	Lake water	[108]
Diazinon; Iprobenfos; Edifenphos	Biooptical	36.3; 53.6; 27.9	River water	[109]
Paraoxon; 2,4-D; Atrazine	Bioelectronical	2; 50; 10	River water	[110]
Diazinon	Bioelectrochemical	0.039	Tap and river wastewater	[111]
Metamitron	Electrochemical	7.28	River water	[112]
Carbamate	Biooptical	3.3	Lake water	[113]
Diuron	Bioelectrochemical	2.1	River water	[114]
Mesotrione	Electrochemical	8.822	Lake and tap water	[115]
Paraquat	Electrochemical	3.086	River water	[116]
Fenoxanil	Electronical	0.0092	River water	[117]
Malathion; Parathion methyl; Monocrotophos; Dichlorvos	Bioelectrochemical; Bioelectrochemical	0.01; 0.02; 0.01; 0.01	Tap and river water	[118]
Dicloran	Bioelectrochemical	0.099	Tap and river water	[119]
Fenitrothion	Electrochemical	0.036	Tap and lake water	[120]
Carbamate	Optical	0.023	River water	[121]
Fenoxycarb	Biooptical	949.221	River water	[122]
Malathion	Ele-optical	0.0991	Pond water	[123]
Methomyl	Electronical	126.192	River and tap water	[124]
Diuron; 2,4-D; Tebuthiuron	Electronical	8.1585; 26.405; 77.625	Lake and well water	[125]
Pyrethroids	Biooptical	42.64	River water	[126]
2,4-D	Electronical	44.008	River water	[127]
Fomesafen	Electrochemical	89	Lake water	[128]
Glyphosate; Dimethoate; Atrazine; Cyanazine; Diuron; Imidacloprid; Malathion; Imazethapyr; Mecoprop-P; 2,4-D; Trifluralin; Paraquat; Metolachlor; Carbaryl; Acephate	Biooptical	338; 458.52; 431.36; 481.39; 466.2; 511.32; 660.72; 578; 429.3; 440.08; 670.56; 514.32; 567.6; 402.44; 366	Lake water	[50]
Dichlorophen	Electronical	3.768	River water	[129]
Hexazinone	Bioelectronical	0.00066	River water	[130]
Malathion	Optical		Agricultural runoff water and lake water	[131]
Fenitrothion	Optical	1.677	Well, river, and tap water	[132]
Pendimethalin	Electronical	10.408	Tap and river water	[133]
Metol; Bisphenol A	Electrochemical	0.344; 0.685	River water	[134]
Azinphos methyl	Che-optical	0.549	Tap and river water	[135]
Fenvalerate pyrethroid	Optical	0.01	Tao, river, well, distilled, and draining water	[136]
Propham	Electrochemical	0.789	River water	[137]
Propham	Electrochemical	0.179	River water	[138]
Cyanazine	Electrochemical	0.06	Tap, river, and ground water	[139]
Tau-fluvalinate	Biooptical	6.105	Lake water	[140]
Methyl parathion	Optical	291.3	Lake water	[141]
Pymetrozine	Optical	2.172	Tap and lake water	[142]
Imidacloprid	Electronical	106.1	River water	[143]
Pyrethroid	Biooptical	6.568	River water	[144]
Paraquat	Electronical	0.8	River water	[145]
Clopyralid	Electrochemical	0.154	River water	[146]
Carbendazim	Electronical	37.473	River water	[147]
Quinalphos	Electrochemical	0.378	Tap and lake water	[148]
Methyl parathion	Biooptical	1.87	River water	[149]
2,4-D	Optical	0.0045	Tap, bottle, and lake water	[150]
Diethofencarb	Electronical	320	River water	[151]
Diazinon	Bioelectrochemical	57.827	River water	[152]
Naptalam	Electrochemical	4.37	River water	[153]
Phosmet	Biooptical	0.0004	Lake water	[154]
Phoxim	Che-optical	298.298	River water	[155]
Bentazone	Electrochemical	8.918	Lake and ground water	[156]
Fenitrothion	Electronical	0.155	Well water	[157]
Chlorpyrifos	Bioelectrochemical	0.07	Lake water	[158]
Lindane	Ele-optical	0.585	River and tap water	[159]
Difenzoquat	Electrochemical	102.225	River and deionized water	[160]
Diquat	Electrochemical	37.844	River and drinking water	[161]
Methyl parathion	Optical	27.674	Pond water	[162]
Glyphosate; Aminomethylphosphonic acid	Optical	5.07; 1.666	Lake water	[48]
Atrazine; Chlorpyrifos; Lindane; Tetradifon; Imidacloprid	Opt-electrochemical	25.882; 10.167; 40.716; 14.242; 3.322	River water	[163]
Glyphosate	Optical	845	River water	[49]
Methyl parathion	Electrochemical	0.012	River water	[164]
Amitrole	Electrochemical	58.856	River water	[165]
Paraoxon; Malathion; Methamidophos; Carbaryl	Optical	0.014; 0.033; 0.017; 0.026	Tap and river water	[166]
Fenitrothion	Electronical	0.0526	River water	[167]
Carbendazim	Electrochemical	5.736	River water	[168]
Ofloxacin	Optical	0.123	River and tap water	[169]