Journal of Sensors

Review Article

Sensors Applied for the Detection of Pesticides and Heavy Metals in Freshwaters

Table 3

Summary of sensors used to detect heavy metals in freshwaters during the year 2017-2019.


Analytes	Sensors	LOD (ng/ml)	Waterbodies	Ref.

As³⁺	Biosensor	0.005	Tap, lake, and pond water	[203]
As³⁺	Electrochemical	75	River water	[204]
Cd²⁺ Pb²⁺	Electrochemical	0.068 0.105	Tap and lake water	[205]
Pb²⁺	Electrochemical	0.15	Tap and lake water	[206]
Pb²⁺ Hg²⁺	Optical	0.029 0.044	River water	[207]
Cu²⁺	Electrochemical	9.532	Tap and river water	[208]
Fe³⁺ Ni²⁺ Cr⁶⁺ Cu²⁺ Al³⁺ Zn²⁺	Optical	200 300 100 30 80 40	Tap and lake water	[209]
Cd²⁺	Electrochemical	0.337	River water	[210]
Pb²⁺ Cu²⁺ Hg²⁺	Electrochemical	0.2 0.2 0.2	Lake water	[211]
Pb²⁺ Cu²⁺	Electrochemical	0.6 0.3	River water	[212]
Ag⁺	Biosensor	0.006	Tap, drinking, pond, and soil water	[213]
Cd²⁺ Pb²⁺ Cu²⁺ Hg²⁺	Electrochemical	0.0056 0.0166 0.001 0.010	River water	[214]
As³⁺	Electrochemical biosensor	0.000003	Lake and well water	[215]
Cd²⁺	Electrochemical	0.17	Lake water	[216]
Hg²⁺	Optical	0.6	Tap water	[217]
Pb²⁺ Cd²⁺	Electrochemical	0.17 0.21	River, lake, and wastewater	[218]
Hg²⁺	Electrochemical	6.018	River water	[219]
Cu²⁺ Pb²⁺ Cr³⁺	Electronical	0.02 0.03 0.15	River, tap, and well water	[220]
Ag⁺	Electrochemical	0.098	Pond, tap, drinking, and soil water	[221]
Hg²⁺	Biofluorescent	0.261	River water	[222]
Cd²⁺	Electrochemical	0.05	Tap, pond, and river water	[223]
Ni²⁺	Electrochemical	0.12	Tap and river water	[224]
Cu²⁺ Cd²⁺ Pb²⁺	Electrochemical	3 4 2.5	River water	[225]
Cd²⁺ Pb²⁺ Cu²⁺ Hg²⁺	Electrochemical	1.012 0.207 0.508 0.181	River water	[226]
Ni²⁺ Cr⁶⁺ Hg²⁺	Electrochemical	240 180 190	Lake water	[227]
Pb²⁺	Electrochemical	0.5	River water	[228]
Hg²⁺	Optical	0.261	Tap and river water	[229]
As³⁺	Biooptical	0.005	Groundwater	[203]
Hg²⁺	Biooptical	0.241	Lake and deionized water	[230]
Pb²⁺	Bioelectrochemical	0.000001	River water	[231]
Cd²⁺	Electrochemical	3.372	Lake water	[232]
Hg²⁺ Cu²⁺	Optical	7.422 6.672	River water	[233]
Pb²⁺ Cu²⁺ Hg²⁺	Electrochemical	0.15 0.07 0.13	Lake and river water	[234]
Pb Cd	Electrochemical	1.68 1.24	Tap and lake water	[235]
Cu2+ Fe3+	Optical	0.0064 0.056	River water	[236]
Pb²⁺ Hg²⁺	Biooptical	1.036 3.731	Lake water	[237]
Cd²⁺	Electrochemical	1.16 0.152	Lake water Deionized water	[238]
Pb²⁺	Optical	0.216	River and tap water	[239]
Pb²⁺	Optical	0.011	River water	[240]
As³⁺ Cd²⁺	Bioelectronical	2.248 7.869	River, tap, and wastewater	[241]
Cd²⁺ Pb²⁺ Cu²⁺	Electrochemical	0.5 1 5	River water	[242]
Cr³⁺	Biosensor	0.35	River and tap water	[243]
Pb²⁺	Electrochemical	4.144	Lake and mining effluent water	[244]
Cd²⁺ Pb²⁺	Electrochemical	7.45 1.17	Lake and tap water	[245]
Zn²⁺ Cd²⁺ Pb²⁺	Electrochemical	0.327 0.225 0.166	Tap and river water	[246]
Cu²⁺	Electrochemical	25.418	River, tap, and dam water	[247]
Cd²⁺ Pb²⁺ Ni²⁺	Electrochemical	0.0025 0.0518 0.0002		[248]
Zn²⁺ Pb²⁺ Cu²⁺	Electrochemical	0.05 0.02 0.03	Lake water	[249]
Pb²⁺	Electrochemical	2.486	Tap, lake, and river water	[250]
Ag⁺	Bioelectrochemical	0.00000005	Tap and lake water	[251]
Cd²⁺ Pb²⁺	Electrochemical	0.2 0.3	River water	[252]
Pb²⁺ Hg²⁺	Bioelectronical	3.937 3.611	River water	[253]
Cu²⁺	Electrochemical	19.064	Tap and river water	[254]
Pb²⁺ Cr³⁺ Hg²⁺	Optical	192.696 48.356 186.549	Lake water	[255]
Cd²⁺ Cu²⁺ Hg²⁺ Pb²⁺	Chemical	0.001 0.006 0.020 0.021	Wastewater	[256]
Mn²⁺ Fe²⁺ Cu²⁺ Fe³⁺	Optical	16 11 12 50	River water	[257]
Hg²⁺ Hg²⁺	Optical	0.233 0.509	River and tap water	[258]
Hg²⁺ Ag⁺	Biooptical	0.602 0.324	Lake water	[259]
Cd²⁺ Pb²⁺	Optical-electronical	0.152 0.029	River water	[260]
Cd²⁺ Pb²⁺ As³⁺ Hg²⁺	Electrochemical	0.315 0.292 0.172 0.321	River and tap water	[261]
Cu²⁺	Biooptical	5547.566	Pond wand tap water	[262]