Journal of Sensors

Review Article

Precise Blood Glucose Sensing by Nitrogen-Doped Graphene Quantum Dots for Tight Control of Diabetes

Table 2

Metal particle discovery utilizing fluorescence-based GQD sensors for biomedical applications [57].


Nanomaterials	Target metal ion	Linear range	LOD	Reference

GQDs	Cu²⁺	0–15 μM	0.226 μM	[59]
r–GQDs/GO	Pb²⁺	1–400 nM	0.6 nM	[60]
GQDs@AuNPs	Pb²⁺	50 nM–4 μM	16.7 nM	[61]
N, S–GQDs	Hg²⁺	0.1–15 μM	0.14 nM	[62]
Val–GQDs	Hg²⁺	0.8 nM–1 μM	0.4 nM	[63]
S–GQDs	Ag⁺	0.1–130 μM	30 nM	[64]
GQDs@OPD	Ag⁺	0–115.2 μM	250 nM	[65]
GQDs@AgNPs	Ag⁺	0–100 nM	3.5 nM	[51]
Cit-UCNPs/GQDs	Ag⁺	–1 μM	60 pM	[66]
N–GQDs	Fe³⁺	1–1945 μM	90 nM	[67]
RBD–GQDs	Fe³⁺	0–1 μM	0.02 nM	[68]
N–GQDs	Fe³⁺	1–500 μM	1 μM	[69]
B–GQDs	Fe³⁺	50 nM–420 μM	31.2 nM	[70]
DA–GQDs	Fe³⁺	20 nM–2 μM	7.6 nM	[71]
S–GQDs	Fe³⁺	0.01–0.70 μM	4.2 nM	[72]

Abbreviations: Ag⁺: silver ion; B–GQDs: boron-doped GQDs; Cit-UCNPs: sodium citrate functionalized up conversion nanoparticles; Cu²⁺: copper (II) ion; DA–GQDs: dopamine-functionalized GQDs; Fe³⁺: ferric (III) ion; GO: graphene oxide; GQDs: graphene quantum dots; Hg²⁺: mercury (II) ion; N–GQDs: nitrogen-doped GQDs; N, S–GQDs: nitrogen and sulfur-doped GQDs; OPD: o-phenylene diamine; Pb²⁺: lead (II) ion; RBD–GQDs: rhodamine-functionalized GQDs; r–GQDs: reduced GQDs; N–GQDs: nitrogen-doped GQDs; Pb²⁺: lead (II) ion; Val–GQDs: valine-functionalized GQDs.