Enhancing Interpretability of Data-Driven Fault Detection and Diagnosis Methodology with Maintainability Rules in Smart Building Management

Table 11

Fire Safety - Fire Detection.

Problem	Design	Construction	Maintenance
Faulty fire alarm panel; Fire alarm system fault indicated in fire panel. A faulty fire panel can cause fire incidents to go unmonitored; Control panel displaying fault message and indicating that detectors are offline	Design system to accommodate false alarm management in accordance with SS 645 (formerly CP 10) and applicable statutory and regulatory requirements [14]. Maintain the alarm system in accordance with manufacturer’s recommendations. The provision of alarm verification feature (AVF) and its functional requirement is covered under SS 645, subject to final approval from the relevant regulatory body to use it.; Locate fire alarm panel in corrosion resistant cabinet without any exposure to excessive dampness. Fire panel connectivity should be independent and compatible with the building automation system (BAS).; Specify red wiring for fire alarm system. Segregate from other ELV cables to remove electromagnetic interference.; Use alarm verification features to reduce incidence of false alarms.	Identify circumstances that can lead to a high rate of false alarms and inform both the designer and user. Check to ensure acceptable levels of false alarms during commissioning in accordance with SS 645, BS 5839-1, BS 5839-6 or equivalent.; Install neatly and protect with sleeve in accordance with manufacturer’s requirements (care to be taken in concealed spaces).; For the protection of joints in junction box, refer to minimum joint requirements.	Conduct regular testing and inspection of fire alarm panel in accordance with SS 645, BS 5839-1, BS 5839-6 or equivalent.; Conduct daily check to ensure normal operation, and to record and rectify any faults. Perform weekly tests to check battery and voltage conditions. Conduct monthly simulation of zonal fire and fault conditions. Clean fire alarm panel for proper operation and visibility (NFPA 72).; Keep fire panels safe and secure from unauthorised tampering.
Faulty manual call point; Dirty manual call point at an institutional building; Damaged manual call point	Designate locations of manual call points along all exit routes and at; final exits in accordance with BS 5839-1, BS 5839-6 or equivalent.; Manual call points should be located in such a way that a person should not have to travel more than; 45 m along an escape route to reach a manual call point, when the layout of the building is known. Each manual call point should be positioned 1.4 m (+/-200 mm) from floor level in accordance with BS 5839-1 or equivalent.	Ensure that manual call points are securely mounted and properly aligned in accordance with SS645 (formerly CP 10) or equivalent.; Upon installation, test the system (e.g., three- second response test for manual call point, battery removal test, etc.) in accordance with BS 5839-1, BS 5839-6 or equivalent.	Conduct monthly test of manual call points on all alarm zones to ensure each part is functional, and especially check whether the remote auxiliary facilities are initiated or not.; Monitor power supply and faulty wiring of call points and other elements of the fire detection system.
Faulty fire detector; Dirty and damaged fire detector; Faulty, corroded and improperly installed detector	Adopt the fire detection system requirements and applicable statutory and regulatory requirements [14] and in accordance with SS 615, ISO 7240 series, BS 5839-1, BS 5839-6 or equivalent. Ensure detectors are accessible for maintenance and replacement. Implement the selection of heat, smoke, and flame types based on requirements on-location. For decisions regarding the number of fire detectors, and their location and spacing design requirements,; refer to SS 575, BS 9990 or equivalent.	Ensure the proper fitting of each fire detector, to avoid misalignment or damage caused by shock.; Ensure quality workmanship so as to avoid detector obstruction and or detector being covered by paint.; Remove paint, dust or any foreign material that can affect its function from detector.	Practice proper housekeeping to maintain cleanliness and avoid obstructions (especially at poorly accessible points).; Inspect fire detectors weekly, and conduct monthly fire alarm simulations from a randomly selected detector to check the entire system.; Perform annual test of 20% of all detectors; all detectors will be inspected over a five-year period in accordance with SS 645, BS 5839-1, BS 5839-6 or equivalent.
Inaudible/unidentifiable alarm1; A site damaged by fire; fire propagated due to alarm system’s failure to signal in time	Design fire alarm system (e.g., location, type and number of alarms) in accordance with SS 645, BS 5839-1 or equivalent and emergency voice communication system in accordance with SS 546, BS 5839-9 or equivalent.; Select alarm sound that is distinguishable from general clutter. Use a visual alarm with excessive background noise.; Propose incident communication facilities in accordance with SS ISO; 22313 or equivalent and determine internal/external communication needs (e.g., through PA system integrated with iBMS) in accordance with SS ISO; 22301 or equivalent.	Establish, implement and maintain procedures for warning and communication (e.g., life safety); and set incident communication procedures in accordance with SS ISO 22313 or equivalent.; Link lifts with audible warnings and emergency detection system and BMS, for emergency evacuation in accordance with ISO/TR 25743 or equivalent.; Installation and cabling of fire alarm devices should be done in such a manner where in the event of a fault, at least one sounder located within the vicinity of the control and indicating panel will remain in operation in accordance with BS 5839-1 or equivalent.	Inspect alarms for defects (e.g., loose or blocked gong bolt, damaged or corroded alarm, alarm spoilt by temperature fluctuations, etc.).; Conduct annual check of all installed speakers, amplifiers, and connecting appliances (including cables) and keep records.; Conduct routine check of fire alarm panel indicator bulb operation and battery according with NFPA 72 or equivalent.; Perform real time monitoring and management of system performance.
Malfunctioning or damaged backup power/lighting; Damaged exit signage; may interfere with egress during evacuation; Good practice: Regularly test emergency exit signs to ensure that they are in working order	Design emergency power supply systems in buildings in accordance with SS 563-2 or equivalent; and emergency lighting fixtures in accordance with SS 563-1, BS 5266-1, BS EN 50172, BS 5266-8, AS/NZS 2293 SET or equivalent. Building emergency generator supply should be able to back up the emergency voice communication system in accordance with SS 546, BS 5839-9 or equivalent.; Consider the use of a standby generator solely to provide power to emergency lighting systems, or in addition, to meet requirements other than those directly associated with emergency lighting.	Requirements for the installation of emergency power supply systems in buildings should be adopted in accordance with SS 563-2, BS EN 1838, BS 5266-1 or equivalent.; Individual luminaires should be mounted to avoid glare and if possible, should be positioned at least 2 m above floor level (measured from floor to the underside of the luminaires).; The horizontal illuminance on the Centre line of any exit cannot be less than 0.5 lux. A fuel supply should be readily available to ensure that emergency lighting operates continuously for the rated period following the failure of normal power supply in accordance with SS 563-2 or equivalent.	Ensure the maintenance of emergency power supply systems in buildings. Conduct a monthly manual test of emergency lights and replace batteries or lamps as soon as a fault is detected in accordance with SS 563-2, AS/NZS 2293.2/AMDT 3 or equivalent.; Conduct monthly fire simulation test. Simulate failure of main power supply and test the efficiency of the standby battery.; Ensure visual and audible fault signals are activated once the battery is disconnected.