Enhancing Interpretability of Data-Driven Fault Detection and Diagnosis Methodology with Maintainability Rules in Smart Building Management

Table 12

Fire Safety - Fire Hydrant System.

Problem	Design	Construction	Maintenance
Fire hose damaged (cut kink, leak, missing part, abrasion); Haphazard winding; Damaged hose reel cabinet; Damaged hose reel; Damaged fire hose coupling	Ensure that the fire hose reel is suitable for the particular use of the facility in question, and that it is in accordance with BS EN 694, BS EN 1947 or equivalent.; Adopt the technical quality acceptance for fire hoses in accordance with BS 6391.; Fulfil cabinet specification (Size and mounting) in accordance with standard guidelines. Follow the distribution and number of fire hose reel cabinets in accordance with SS 575, BS 9990, NFPA 14 or equivalent.; Adopt authority’s stipulated requirements if water supply is taken directly from authority’s water main.; Ensure that access to or visibility of fire hose is not obstructed.; Use maintenance-free fireproof material for the fire hose cabinet. The location should allow for 180° opening of cabinet door. The wall mounted type is only allowed in riser main shaft.	Protect hose reels from mechanical damages. The reel should be mounted overhead, but the nozzle retainer, hose guide and inlet valve must be kept at 900 mm above finished floor level in accordance with BS 9990, SS 575, NFPA 14 or equivalent.; During commissioning, flush out the hose to remove harmful matter.; Conduct flush out test to remove any kink or knot and to ensure that all valves and nozzles are operational.; Ensure that reel brackets are firmly fixed, so that the hose can be used properly.	Perform proper housekeeping and avoid mishandling.; Check for corrosion/leakage (of drum) once a month and ensure that hose, nozzle, stopcock, hinges, break glass device and cabinet are in acceptable working condition. Lubricate as required.; Conduct monthly water flow pressure test and annual hydrostatic test in accordance with BS EN 1402 to check for defects or leaks, especially if the hose has been exposed to chemical or severe stress. During the test, the hose is completely run out and subjected to operational pressure. After the test, it should be dried and properly secured with a Velcro strap.; Ensure that fire hose is stored in a cool, dry place in accordance with ISO 2230 or equivalent.
Accessibility problems (difficulty in accessing fire hydrant); Inaccessible hydrant points due to positioning; Improper housekeeping practices, and storing of combustible material in wet riser	For the location and number of fire hydrants, refer to the applicable statutory and regulatory requirements [14].; Adopt the positioning of breeching inlets as close as possible to rising main/hydrant in accordance with BS 9990, SS 575, NFPA 14 or equivalent.; Ensure that the locations are accessible, with no obstructions from parking, loading bays, landscaping, building elements, etc.; Provide protection to hydrants from mechanical damage.; Specify easily visible/identifiable signage and colour in accordance with SS 508-3, ISO 3864-1 or equivalent.	Installation should be secure and safe, with special consideration given for potential sources of damage.; Connections and position of valves should be guided by specifications. Risers must be securely anchored before any pressure or flow test is performed.; Hydrants should be made operable immediately after completion and should be tested to protect the construction site.; Mounting height of hydrant and breeching inlet should be strictly maintained during installation in accordance with BS 9990, SS 575, NFPA 14 or equivalent.	Perform proper daily housekeeping practices at hydrant points to remove obstructions (debris, stacked material) that impede accessibility.; Ensure that the storage tanks are accessible for maintenance. Ensure that the valve pit is accessible for inspection and cleaning.; Conduct semi-annual check for rust, dirt, or foreign material on valves, or other operating parts; as well as clean, paint and lubricate as required.; Ensure that additional building elements, landscaping, etc. (during building operation and maintenance phase) do not impede accessibility to hydrant points in accordance with BS 9990 or equivalent.
Faulty fire hydrant point (damaged, jammed, leaky); Damaged hydrant; Damaged and unusable breaching valves	Materials that are strong and rust-proof (e.g. gunmetal parts) should be specified for the construction of hydrant pillar, in accordance with BS EN 1982 or equivalent.; The rising main and other pipework are in compliance with applicable statuary and regulatory requirements.; Pit covers on roadways should be able to withstand vehicular load in accordance with BS 9990, SS 575, NFPA 14 or equivalent.	Ensure the proper installation of all components (parts-stem, cap, plug, thread, etc.) without damaging them.; Lubricate and paint for additional protection.; Tighten outlet properly after commissioning and testing.	Conduct weekly check of isolating valves to ensure that they are kept locked in open position daily and that breeching inlets are functioning in accordance with NFPA 25 or equivalent.; Conduct monthly checks for any leakage, blockage or corrosion, and for workable line pressure.; Perform thorough inspection of booster pump and associated systems semi-annually.; Ensure that a thorough inspection of the hydrants is annually performed by a competent professional.