Cross-sectional self-survey (no information about survey in Spanish)
Hispanic non-Hispanic
Results affect size in structural model (standardized solution): perceived peer norms for sun exposure and barriers to sun safety (0.459); barriers to sun safety and protanning attitudes (0.015), and barriers to sun safety and sun-safe behavior (0.142). Hispanics having lower scores on the tan-related measures and slightly higher scores on barriers.
Data were collected as part of sunny days, healthy ways program in Colorado, New Mexico, and Arizona. Information about validation of measurements in Hispanic sample was not reported. Original study reported low alpha reliability (less than 0.70) for measures of barriers to sun protection and peer norms for sun exposure.
Population-based interviewer survey (no information about interview in Spanish)
Hispanic black, white
Results comparison with whites: likelihood of future skin cancer (OR 1.41); likelihood of skin cancer compared with average person of the same age (OR 0.83); worry about skin cancer (OR 0.83); there is not much you can do to lower chance of getting skin cancer (OR 3.87); there are so many recommendations about preventing skin cancer; it is hard to know which ones to follow (OR 3.35).
Data collected by Health Information National Trends Survey (HINTS). Statistical analyses were conducted with samples of different sizes (Hispanic versus white ). The HINTS is available in both Spanish and English (not mentioned in the paper), but there was no mention of possible influence of language preference.
Cross-sectional self-survey (no information about survey in Spanish)
Hispanic black, white
Percentages: tanning makes people look more attractive (true 61%); tanning makes people look older (True 27%).
The survey was part of an educational intervention which included a pretest, a 30-minute lesson on sun protection, and a posttest. There was no mention of this intervention being available in Spanish and English, or assessment of cultural competence. Limitations include a population surveyed from only New Jersey public schools and small Hispanic sample.
Participants completed an English- or Spanish-language online survey. Information about validity and reliability of measures by language preference was not provided. Authors mentioned survey items that were not already available in Spanish were translated, affecting the cultural appropriateness of the study for the Spanish-speaking Hispanic population. A large proportion of the sample was of Mexican origin (71%).
Cross-sectional self-survey/online (survey available in Spanish)
Hispanic
Correlates of sun protection beliefs and skin self-examination (and total body examination): perceived skin cancer risk AOR 1.34 (AOR 0.89); perceived skin cancer severity AOR 1.05 (1.91).
Participants completed an English- or Spanish-language online survey. Information about validity and reliability of measures by language preference was not provided. Participants’ state of residence was as follows: California, = 379; Texas, = 231; Florida, = 110; Arizona, = 41; and New Mexico, = 26.
Cross-sectional self-survey (survey available in Spanish)
Hispanic
Means (range 0–10 and 4–20) and standard deviations: how likely is it that you will develop skin cancer? = 3.70 (2.43); how likely is it that your skin will age too soon? = 3.69 (2.62); benefits of UV exposure (four items) = 11.10 (3.83); benefits of sun protection (four items) = 13.11 (3.87).
This pilot study was part of an educational collaboration between a high school science department and a cancer center in the suburbs of Philadelphia. A small Hispanic sample () was studied. Items from original study were developed from a sample of parents and children ( = white = 55%, African American = 26%, and Hispanic = 15%). The sun protection benefits scales were originally developed as mixed sun protection knowledge and attitude scale, and it had low alpha reliability (less than 0.70). The reviewed study showed better reliability. Participants could choose to receive information and surveys in either English or Spanish, but no information about appropriateness of the measures for culture or language preference was provided.
Study 1 frequencies: believes she can develop a skin cancer (Yes = 25/52); concerned about lentigines (Yes = 48/52) and wrinkles (Yes = 35/52). Study 2 frequencies: fair-skinned Hispanics are at risk for skin cancer (prevideo, agreement = 54/80; postvideo agreement = 72/80); dark-skinned Hispanics are at risk for skin cancer (preagreement = 44/80; postagreement = 69/80).
Effect of two short Spanish-language films on sun protection beliefs was tested (in Chicago, Illinois). One emphasized photoaging benefits of sun protection, while the second focused on its benefits for skin cancer prevention. Nine patients at a dermatology clinic, whose primary language was Spanish, were asked to view the videos and review the questionnaires before it being administered. The samples studied were small, and it is not clear how results would apply to English-speaking Hispanics. Authors developed the videos using primarily the opinions of women rather than men, and the male sample size in the intervention group was limited.
Cross-sectional self-survey (no information about survey in Spanish)
Hispanic white, African American, Asian, and others
Frequency and percentage: believes that skin cancer can happen in darker skin types (29/37; 78%).
A survey was administered to 165 patients seeking care from a dermatology practice in New York City. Limitations include the small sample size and the inclusion of patients who may have had a history of actinic keratoses.
Cross-sectional self-survey (no information about survey in Spanish)
White Hispanic white non-Hispanic
Frequencies, percentages, and results comparison with whites: chances of developing skin cancer in the future “higher than average” (4.1%), “average” (19%), “lower than average” (51.6%), and “don’t know” (25.3%). Logistic regression “average or above” (OR 0.6) after controlling for age, sex, skin type, and family history of skin cancer.
A pilot survey study using 1 of the 33 public high schools located in the Miami-Dade County area of Florida. A self-administered, anonymous survey, which was derived from a tool used in a derivate of the national Nurses’ Health Study (94% white). Information about validation of measurements in Hispanic sample, or clarification of the term “average risk of skin cancer” was not reported.
Baseline self-survey (no information about survey in Spanish)
Hispanic white, Asian/Pacific Islander
Significant differences in percentages of responses when compared with whites after controlling for skin sensitivity. Sunscreen benefits: avoid getting too dark (Hispanic 15.1%, white 5.8%). Sunscreen barriers: it is too much trouble (Hispanic 16.4%, white 30.6%); I am dark skinned (Hispanic 29.1%, white 3%).
The data were drawn from baseline questionnaires completed during 9 different sun protection experiments conducted in San Diego, California. Participants who indicated ever using sunscreen checked any of the listed sunscreen benefits/barriers. The authors mentioned that the list was developed through piloting, but no additional information is provided. No information about appropriateness of the measures for culture or language preference was provided. A small Hispanic sample was used for the statistical comparisons.
Cross-sectional self-survey (no information about survey in Spanish)
White Hispanic white non-Hispanic
Frequencies perceived risk of melanoma or skin cancer “higher than average” (4%), “average” (59%), “lower than average” (22%), and “don’t know” (15%).
Prospective survey of a group of suburban employees to evaluate perceptions of skin cancer risk. Low participation in the study and small Hispanic sample. Information about validation of measurements in Hispanic sample, or clarification of the term “average risk of skin cancer” for comparisons was not reported.
