Diet and Skin Cancer: The Potential Role of Dietary Antioxidants in Nonmelanoma Skin Cancer Prevention

Table 2

Observational studies of dietary intake via supplements combined with food and NMSC incidence.

Study	Study design	Method of assessing dietary intake	Antioxidant and other supplements studied	Effect on NMSC risk	Statistically significant results	Study location
van Dam et al., 2000, Health Professionals Follow-Up Study (HPFS) [64]	Prospective cohort study of 3,217 males followed for 8 years	FFQs	Retinol; Vitamin C; Vitamin E	BCC: no reduction	NA	USA
Fung et al., 2002, Nurses Health Study (NHS) [65]	Prospective cohort study of 85,836 women followed for 12 years	FFQs	Vitamin A; Vitamin C; Vitamin E; B-carotene	BCC: no reduction; weakly positive trends seen	NA	USA
Fung et al., 2003 [66]	Prospective cohort study of HPFS and NHS followed women for 14 years and men for 10 years	FFQs	Retinol; Vitamin A; Vitamin C; Vitamin E; Carotenoids	SCC: no reduction	NA	USA

BCC: basal cell carcinoma; FFQs: food frequency questionnaires; NA: not applicable; NMSC: nonmelanoma skin cancer; SCC: squamous cell carcinoma.