Interview/questionnaire, (patients), 61% males, mean age: years
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Sunscreen: never (87.6%), sometimes (5.6%), often (4.0%), and always (2.8%) Sunshade usage (cap, etc.): never (86%), sometimes (7.6%), often (4.8%), and always (1.6%) Daily direct sun exposure: <1 hr (30%), 1–4 h (60.8%), and >5 h (9.2%)
Questionnaire, (clinic attendees), 100% females, mean age: years
Obstacles to sunscreen use: expensive: 56%, side effects: 34%, change in skin appearance: 29%, not effective: 17.7%, luxury item: 17%, governmental laws and regulations: 8.5% Obstacles to use of other sun protective items: cultural-religious beliefs: 62.6%, luxury: 42%, expensive: 23%, not effective: 13.9%, governmental laws and regulations: 9.2%
Questionnaire, (university students), 51% females, age range: 20–25 years
45% correct answers to 75% of questions; 92.3% knew that sunlight protection practices are important in skin cancer prevention, and 57% knew sunscreen creams shall be used during all seasons
Questionnaire, (secondary school teachers), 61% females, mean age: 37.98 years
Knowledge (possible range: 0–49): total mean = 24.20 (male mean = 24.05; female mean = 24.29) Attitude (possible range: 13–39): total mean = 28.10 (male mean = 27.74; female mean = 28.34)
Performance (possible range: 0–16): total mean = 6.35 (male mean = 5.23; female mean = 7.07) Sunscreen: 56.8% Clothing: 38.2% Masked hats: 10.2% Gloves: 12.3% Sunglasses: 27.5% Used none of the above measures: 17%
Questionnaire, (high school students: 180 cases and 180 controls), 100% females, mean age: 16.04 years
Perceived susceptibility (possible range: 4–20): case 12.77 and control 13.11; perceived threat (possible range: 5–25): case 17.71 and control 18.04; rewards (possible range: 4–20): case 10.59 and control 9.86; threat appraisal (possible range: 5–25): case −19.81 and control −20.22; fear (possible range: 5–25): case 17.18 and control 16.94; self-efficacy (possible range: 4–20): case 14.83 and control 14.98; response efficacy (possible range: 6–30): case 21.63 and control 21.58; response costs (possible range: 5–25): case 15.25 and control 14.06; coping appraisal (possible range: 5–25): case 21.13 and control 22.49; protection motivation (possible range: 7–35): case 27.11 and control 27.05
Behavior (possible range: 0–12): case 3.92 and control 4.04
Questionnaire, (university students), 72.2% females, 27.8% males, mean age: 21 years
Knowledge (possible range: 0–49): total mean = 25.98 (male mean = 27.65, female mean = 25.72, medical students mean = 27.70, and nonmedical students mean = 21.89) Attitude (possible range: 13–39): total mean = 30.83 (male mean = 30.31, female mean = 29.04, medical students mean = 31.38, and nonmedical students mean = 29.85)
Performance (possible range: 0–16): total mean = 7.67 (male mean = 8, female mean = 6.31, medical students mean = 8.06, and nonmedical students mean = 6.06) Avoid sun exposure: 77.8% Sunscreen use: 60% Clothing: 40.4% Masked hats: 13% Gloves: 9.6% Sunglasses: 19.6%
Questionnaire, (general population), 48% females, mean age: 34.7 years
90.8% knew that they should protect their skin against sunlight; 89.5% more exposure = more harm; 87.2% knowledge of adverse effects; 80.5% exposure harmful in children; 68.8% tanning harmful; 58.8% sunscreen not an easy task; 61.8%, skin cancer can be prevented; 9.5%, cancer risk is highly probable; 78.5%, tanning makes skin look charming
Sunscreen: 31.8% Clothing: 41% Sunbathed: 88.8% (<5 times/year) Never tanned/tanned only once: 87.8%
Questionnaire, (pharmacists), 52.6% females, mean age (males): 33 years, mean age (females): 36.25 years
67.5% knew the correct application time of sunscreen and 15% knew the SPF definition perfectly
Sunscreen: 68.8% (72.7% females/27.3% males) Sunscreen correctly: 12.5% (every 2-3 hours) Sunscreen just in morning and noon: 26.3% Other times: 28.8% No sunscreen: 31.2% Sunscreen just in summer: 12.5% Sunscreen sometimes: 10% Sunscreen all seasons: 38.8%
Questionnaire, (mothers of children aged 1–8: 75 in interventional group and 90 in control group), intervention mean age: 30.82 years, control mean age: 31.15 years
5.85 are aware of their family history of skin cancer; 57.56% knew about increased risk of skin cancer by using tan machines; 30.32% use different tools for tanning
Sunscreen: 16.67% Sunglasses: 45.83% 24 use solarium for tanning
Knowledge regarding degree of SPF: SPF 15 (3.2), SPF 20 (3.1), SPF 25 (7.7), SPF 30 (24.4), 30 < SPF < 50 (15.9), SPF > 50 (8.8), and do not know (36.4) Sunscreen cream choice: did not know (39.4), no need to renew (21.8), better to renew every 5 hours (16.6), and better to renew every 2 hours (22.2) Timing for sunscreen: did not know (26.1), half an hour before exiting home (30.6), right before exiting home (26.5), and 10 minutes before exiting home (16.8) How much sunscreen applied each time: no specific amount (52.2), more than one knuckle (7.9), one knuckle (20.4), and less than a knuckle (19.6) Sun avoidance during high sunlight hours: perceived severity (practicing: 17.57; not practicing: 16.93) Walking in shaded or covered places: perceived sensitivity (practicing: 8.07; not practicing: 7.49) and perceived severity (practicing: 17.48; not practicing: 16.22) Sunscreen: perceived sensitivity (practicing: 8.32; not practicing: 7.79), perceived severity (practicing: 17.74; not practicing: 16.97), and perceived benefit (practicing: 11.39; not practicing: 10.8) Gloves: perceived sensitivity (practicing: 6.77; not practicing: 7.96), perceived severity (practicing: 15.58; not practicing: ), and perceived benefit (practicing: 9.58; not practicing: 11.00) Sunglasses: perceived sensitivity (practicing: 8.28; not practicing: 7.76) and perceived severity (practicing: 17.72; not practicing: 16.90)
Sun avoidance during high sunlight hours: yes (36.1), no (47.1), and not possible (16.8) Walking in shaded or covered places: yes (74.6), no (16.7), and not possible (8.7) Sunscreen use: yes (24.7), sometimes (47.4), and no (27.9) Cap or veil use: yes (10.3), sometimes (29.2), and no (60.5) Gloves: yes (12.6), sometimes (12.6), and no (83.5) Sunglass use: yes (32.2), sometimes (36.6), and no (31.2)
Questionnaire, (259 hospital personnel and medical and nursing students (case) and 259 laypeople (control)), case: 94.2% females, control: 78.8% females, mean age: 28.68 years
Sunscreen use knowledge (possible range: 0–11): case 7.17 and control 5.60 Attitude towards sunscreen use (possible range: 11–55): case 42.13 and control 41.64
Sunscreen: case (76.8%), control (71%), male (34.3%), and female (80.1%) Physician (85.7%), nurse (78.7%), student (77.5%), midwife (93.3%), lab tech (82.4%), and nursing assistant (44%)
Questionnaire, 000 (middle school and high school students), 64% males, mean age: 15.07 years
Male: 36.99% good knowledge, 58.28% moderate knowledge, 29.3% low knowledge, and 1.41% high knowledge Female: 20.2% low knowledge, 32.46% medium knowledge, 56.53% good knowledge, and 8.8% high knowledge
Sunblock gels: 38.32% females and 14.61% males Sunglasses: 35.21% females and 9.58% males
Sunscreen: 65.3% Long-sleeved shirts: 37.3% Hats: 16% Gloves: 14.7% Sunglasses: 25.3% (not regularly) Spending time outdoor after maximum sun exposure: 83% Used none of the above measures: 6.7% Skin cancer prevention behavior: 48%
Interview/questionnaire, (farmers, 100 in intervention group and 100 in control group), intervention: 79 males, control: 77 males, intervention mean age: 47.92 years, control mean age: 48.42 years
Questionnaire, (university students), 100% females, mean age: 24.49 years
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Sunscreen use: never (11.9%), sometimes (27.4%), often (20.4%), and always (40.3%) Wearing a hat: never (55.2%), sometimes (32.8%), often (10.9%), and always (1%) Gloves: never (72.1%), sometimes (15.4%), often (10%), and always (3.5%) Sunglasses: never (20.9%), sometimes (36.3%), often (26.9%), and always (15.9%)
Questionnaire, (high school female students, 120 in intervention group and 120 in control group), intervention mean age: 16.14 years, control mean age: 16.16 years
