Vitamin D and Vitamin D Analogs as Adjuncts to Field Therapy Treatments for Actinic Keratoses: Current Research and Future Approaches

Table 3

Brief meta-analysis of FDA-approved topical therapies combined with topical vitamin D analogs in the treatment of AK.

Compound	Study	Primary outcomes/findings
Imiquimod	(1) Bhatta et al. [102]; (2) Baneerjee et al. [69]; (3) Befon et al. [123]	(1) Enhanced efficacy against invasive squamous cell carcinoma; (2) Increased clearance rate of actinic keratoses and change in lesion count; (3) Effectively cleared both clinical and subclinical actinic keratoses
Ingenol mebutate	(1) Rosen et al. [82]; (2) Gras [124]; (3) Anderson et al. [125]	(1) Treatment for only 2-3 days resulting in rapid lesion necrosis of actinic keratoses; (2) Significant reduction of head and nonhead actinic keratoses in a short duration of treatment; (3) Significant complete clearance rate and partial clearance rate in nonfacial actinic keratoses
Diclofenac sodium	(1) Pommergaard et al. [100]; (2) Ulrich et al. [95]; (3) Martin et al. [98]	(1) Significant reduction of tumor size; (2) Significant field cancerization treatment of actinic keratoses; (3) Significant long-term clearance of actinic keratoses
Photodynamic therapy	(1) Fu et al. [111]; (2) Neittaanmaki-Perttu et al. [126]; (3) Heppt et al. [73]	(1) Significant increased complete clearance rate of grade II-III actinic keratoses lesions; (2) Complete histological clearance with increased patient preference due to low adverse effects; (3) Increased clearance rates compared to monotherapy alone