Cervical Spine Involvement in Mild Traumatic Brain Injury: A Review

Table 3

Most common symptoms of mTBI according to their categories [4, 6, 11–13].

References	Cognitive	Somatic physical	Affective emotional	Sleep disturbance
Marshall, 2012 [11]; Hanson et al., 2014 [6]; Hynes and Dickey, 2006 [12]; Scorza et al., 2012 [13]; McCrory et al., 2013 [4]	(i) Confusion; (ii) Retrograde amnesia; (iii) Anterograde amnesia; (iv) Loss of consciousness; (v) Disorientation; (vi) Feeling foggy (in a fog); (vii) Vacant stare; (viii) Inability to focus; (ix) Delayed verbal responses; (x) Delayed motor responses; (xi) Slurred; (xii) Incoherent speech (slurred); (xiii) Excessive drowsiness	(i) Headache; (ii) Dizziness; (iii) Balance disruption; (iv) Nausea; (v) Vomiting; (vi) Visual disturbances; (vii) Phonophobia	(i) Emotional liability; (ii) Irritability; (iii) Fatigue; (iv) Anxiety; (v) Sadness	(i) Trouble falling asleep; (ii) Decreased sleep; (iii) Increased sleep
Hanson et al., 2014 [6]	(i) Feeling slowed down; (ii) Difficulty concentrating; (iii) Difficulty remembering; (iv) Forgetting of recent information; (v) Confused about recent events; (vi) Answers questions slowly; (vii) Repeats questions	(i) Balance problems; (ii) Visual problems; (iii) Fatigue; (iv) Sensitivity to light; (v) Sensitivity to noise; (vi) Dazed; (vii) Stunned	(i) Nervousness	(i) Drowsiness
Hynes and Dickey, 2006 [12]	(i) Dysphagia; (ii) Seeing stars	(i) Deafness; (ii) Ringing in the ears; (iii) Temporomandibular
Scorza et al., 2012 [13]	(i) Disorientation; (ii) Stunned; (iii) Vacant stare	(i) Blurred vision; (ii) Convulsions; (iii) Light-headedness; (iv) Numbness; (v) Tingling; (vi) Tinnitus	(i) Clinginess; (ii) Depression; (iii) Personality changes