Changes in Echocardiographic Parameters among Beninese Soccer Referees during the Division 1 Championship in 2016

Table 4

Changes in the parameters of the left cardiac function of the studied soccer referees, between the beginning and the end of the Division 1 championship.

	National level		International level
	At the beginning of the championship	At the end of the championship	At the beginning of the championship	At the end of the championship
(bpm)	58.45 ± 2.09	56.70 ± 1.46	56.17 ± 1.64	55.64 ± 1.49†††
max (ml/min/kg)	55.30 ± 2.82	55.47 ± 2.80	54.83 ± 2.98	56.72 ± 2.96†††
SV (mL)	66.05 ± 3.90	63.86 ± 3.17	68.43 ± 3.56	70.21 ± 3.03
(L/min)	4.22 ± 0.22	3.92 ± 0.19	4.12 ± 0.18	4.20 ± 0.15
EF ()	69.85 ± 1.39	66.12 ± 0.99	70.46 ± 1.62	70.29 ± 1.38†
E (m.)	0.90 ± 0.03	0.88 ± 0.03	0.81 ± 0.01	0.85 ± 0.03
E’ (m.)	0.28 ± 0.03	0.29 ± 0.10	0.27 ± 0.03	0.20 ± 0.00
E/E’	3.96 ± 0.36	4.27 ± 0.24	3.59 ± 0.33	4.34 ± 0.21

: resting heart rate; max: maximum oxygen consumption estimated indirectly by the results of the YoYoIR2 test (Bangsbo et al., 2008); SV: stroke volume; E: speed of transmitral filling in diastole; E’: speed of transmitral filling in systole; EF: ejection fraction; HR: heart rate resting; : difference between values before and those of the championship, significant at p < 0.05; : difference between values before and those of the championship, significant at p < 0.01; †: significant at p < 0.05; ††: significant at p < 0.01; †††: significant at p < 0.001.