Diagnosis of Overtraining Syndrome: Results of the Endocrine and Metabolic Responses on Overtraining Syndrome Study: EROS-DIAGNOSIS

Table 1

Markers evaluated by the EROS study and included for the selection of the present analysis (aside from inclusion criteria for all groups: body mass index, age, and sex).

Study/tests	Markers
EROS-HPA axis	Total number of markers: 73 (total number of evaluated markers: 14)
Basal ACTH and cortisol and their response to an insulin tolerance test (ITT)	(1) Basal ACTH (pg/mL) and (2) cortisol (µg/dL)
	(3) ACTH and (4) cortisol during hypoglycemia
	(5) ACTH and (6) cortisol 30 min after hypoglycemia
	(7) Cortisol increase during ITT
Cortisol response to a cosyntropin stimulation test (CST)	(8) Cortisol at 30 min and (9) at 60 min after injection
Salivary cortisol rhythm (SCR)	(10) Salivary cortisol (ng/dL) at awakening and (11) 30 min later
	(12) At 4 PM and (13) at 11 PM
	(14) Cortisol awakening response (CAR)
EROS-Stress	(Total number of evaluated markers: 7)
GH and prolactin response to an ITT	(1) Basal (GH) (µg/L) and (2) prolactin (ng/mL)
	(3) GH and (4) prolactin during hypoglycemia
	(5) GH and (6) prolactin 30 min after hypoglycemia
	(7) Prolactin increase during ITT
Glucose behavior and related symptoms during an ITT (not included for the analysis)	Basal fasting glucose (mg/dL), glucose during hypoglycemia (mg/dL), time to hypoglycemia (min), adrenergic symptoms (0–10), and neuroglycopenic symptoms (0–10)
EROS-Basal	(Total number of evaluated markers: 30)
Hormonal markers	(1) Total testosterone (ng/dL) and (2) estradiol (pg/mL)
	(3) IGF-1 (pg/mL), (4) TSH (µUI/mL), and (5) free T3 (pg/mL)
	(6) Total catecholamines and (7) metanephrines (both µg/12 h)
	(8) Noradrenaline, (9) epinephrine, and (10) dopamine (all µg/12 h)
	(11) Metanephrines and (12) normetanephrines (both µg/12 h)
Biochemical markers	(13) Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR, mm/h) and (14) creatine (mg/dL)
	(15) C-reactive protein (CRP, mg/dL) and (16) lactate (nMol/L)
	(17) Vitamin B12 (pg/mL) and (18) ferritin (ng/mL)
	(19) Neutrophils, (20) lymphocyte, and (21) eosinophils (all/mm^3)
	(22) Creatine kinase (CK, U/L), (23) LDLc (mg/dL), (24) HDLc (mg/dL), (25) triglycerides (mg/dL), and (26) platelets (1000/mm^3)
Ratios	(27) Testosterone-to-estradiol and (28) testosterone-to-cortisol ratios
	(29) Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte and (30) platelet-to-lymphocyte ratios
EROS-PROFILE	(Total number of evaluated markers: 22)
General patterns	(1) Duration of night sleep (h) and (2) self-reported sleep quality (0–10)
	(3) Self-reported libido (0–10) and (4) number of hours of activities (h/day)
Eating patterns	(5) Caloric intake (kcal/kg/day), (6) carbohydrate intake (g/kg/day), (7) protein intake (g/kg/day), and (8) fat intake (g/kg/day)
Psychological patterns	(9) Profile of Mood State (POMS) questionnaire (total score: −32 to +120)
	(10) Anger (0 to 48) and (6) confusion subscales (0 to 28)
	(11) Depression (0 to 60) and (12) vigour subscales (0 to 32)
	(13) Fatigue (0 to 28) and (14) tension subscales (0 to 36)
Body metabolism analysis	(15) Measured-to-predicted basal metabolic rate (BMR, %)
	(16) Percentage of fat burning compared to total BMR (%)
Body composition	(17) Body fat percentage (%) and (18) muscle mass weight (kg)
	(19) Body water percentage (BW, %) and (20) extracellular water compared to total BW (%)
	(21) Visceral fat (cm^2)
	(22) Chest-to-waist circumference