|
| Class | Selected formulations | Intended effects | Adverse effects |
|
| Aromatase inhibitors [46] | Anastrozole, letrozole, exemestane | Increase pituitary gonadotrophin release and therefore increasing endogenous testosterone release by reducing estrogenic negative feedback | Decreased bone density, sexual dysfunction, central adiposity |
| SERMs [46] | Clomiphene, tamoxifen | Increase pituitary gonadotrophin release and therefore increasing endogenous testosterone release by reducing estrogenic negative feedback | Vasomotor symptoms, visual disturbances, headaches |
| Fat-burning compounds | Dinitrophenol, liothyronine (T3), clenbuterol | Achieve lower body fat percentages | Hypertension, arrhythmias |
| Insulin | Lispro, glargine | Increase lean muscle mass | Hypoglycaemia |
| Human growth-hormone (hGH) | Varied | Hypertension, elevated malignancy risk | Hypertension |
| Diuretics | Furosemide, hydrochlorothiazide, torsemide | Reduce water retention to improve perceived muscle aesthetics usually taken before competition | Electrolyte disturbances, especially hypokalaemia |
| SARMs | Andarine, Ostarine, Ligandrol | Increase lean muscle mass | Unknown (experimental compounds) |
| Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) [47] | Varied | Counteract AAS suppression of testicular function and volume, raise testicular testosterone production | Diabetes, cardiomyopathy, renal failure, hepatotoxicity, edema, carpal tunnel syndrome, joint pain, fatigue |
| Site enhancement oil | Water-based, oil-based, and silicone-based injection options | Improve perceived aesthetics of muscle by locally expanding volume | Infection |
| Creatine [48] | Varied | Increase performance in short-duration, high-intensity exercises | Water retention, gastrointestinal symptoms, fatigue diarrhoea, liver and renal complications |
|
