Journal of Spectroscopy

Review Article

Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) for Trace Element Detection: A Review

Table 2

LIBS characterization of the trace elements in different ferrous and nonferrous metals.


Method	Operating parameters	Matrix	Element	LoD (ppm)	Year	Ref No.

LIBS	Q-switched Nd:YAG, 1,064 nm, 8 ns, 200 mj, 20 Hz	Steel	C	65	1992	[110]
Multiple-laser pulse	Q-switched Nd:YAG, 1,064 nm	Low alloy steel	C	7	2000	[111]
Multiple-laser pulse	Q-switched Nd:YAG, 1,064 nm	Liquid steel	C	5	2003	[112]
LIBS	Q-switched Nd:YAG, 532 nm, 6 ns, 160 mj, 10 Hz	Steel	C	5	2001	[113]
DP VUV LIBS	Q-switched Nd:YAG, 1,064 nm, 15 ns, 200 mj	Steel	C	2.9 (N₂)	2014	[90]
LIBS-LIRF	Q-switched Nd:YAG, 532 nm, 6 ns, 2 mj, 10 Hz	Steel	C	130 (N₂), 390 (air)	2017	[114]
LIBS	Q-switched Nd:YAG, 1,064 nm, 7 ns, 200 mj, 20 Hz	Steel	S	70	1995	[115]
Multiple-laser pulse	Q-switched Nd:YAG, 1,064 nm	Low alloy steel	S	8	2000	[111]
Multiple-laser pulse	Q-switched Nd:YAG, 1,064 nm	Liquid steel	S	11	2003	[112]
LIBS	Q-switched Nd:YAG, 532 nm, 6 ns, 160 mj, 10 Hz	Steel	S	4.5	2001	[113]
DP VUV LIBS	Q-switched Nd:YAG, 1,064 nm, 15 ns, 200 mj	Steel	S	1.5 (N₂)	2014	[90]
Multiple-laser pulse	Q-switched Nd:YAG, 1,064 nm	Low alloy steel	P	9	2000	[111]
Multiple-laser pulse	Q-switched Nd:YAG, 1,064 nm	Liquid steel	P	21	2003	[112]
LIBS	Q-switched Nd:YAG, 532 nm, 6 ns, 160 mj, 10 Hz	Steel	P	6	2001	[113]
LIBS-LIF	Q-switched Nd:YAG, 532 nm, 6 ns, 10 Hz	Steel	P	0.7	2009	[99]
LIBS	Q-switched Nd:YAG, 532 nm, 6 ns, 160mj, 10 Hz	Steel	N	15–25	2001	[113]
Multiple-laser pulse	Q-switched Nd:YAG, 1,064 nm	Liquid steel	Cr	9	2003	[112]
DP LIBS + PLS	Q-switched Nd:YAG, 1,064 nm, 7 ns, 10 Hz	Molten steel	Cr	649	2015	[106]
Multiple-laser pulse	Q-switched Nd:YAG, 1,064 nm	Liquid steel	Ni	9	2003	[112]
DP LIBS + PLS	Q-switched Nd:YAG, 1,064 nm, 7 ns, 10 Hz	Molten steel	Ni	430	2015	[106]
LIBS + ring magnet confinement	Q-switched Nd:YAG, 532 nm, 5 ns, 60 mj.	Steel	V	11	2014	[98]
DP LIBS + PLS	Q-switched Nd:YAG, 1,064 nm, 7 ns, 10 Hz	Molten steel	V	88	2015	[106]
LIBS + ring magnet	Q-switched Nd:YAG, 532 nm, 5 ns, 60 mj.	Steel	Mn	30	2014	[98]
DP LIBS + PLS	Q-switched Nd:YAG, 1,064 nm, 7 ns, 10 Hz	Molten steel	Mn	134	2015	[106]
DP LIBS + PLS	Q-switched Nd:YAG, 1,064 nm, 7 ns, 10 Hz	Molten steel	Si	107	2015	[106]
LIBS-LIF	Q-switched Nd:YAG, 532 nm, 6 ns, 50 mj, 10 Hz	Low alloy steel	Co	0.82	2016	[101]
LIBS-LIF	Q-switched Nd:YAG, 532 nm, 8 ns, 60 mj, 10 Hz	Steel	B	0.5	2016	[100]
RELIBS	Q-switched Nd:YAG, 1,064 nm, 7 ns, 5 Hz	Aluminum alloy	Mg	21	2010	[44]
RLIBS	OPO laser, 210 nm–2.2 μm, 20–200 μj, 5 ns, 10 Hz	Aluminum alloy	Mg	0.75	2013	[45]
DP-LIBS	Q-switched Nd:YAG, 1,064 nm, 30 mj, 12–13 ns, 1 Hz	Aluminum alloy	Cr	10	2006	[93]
DP-LIBS	Q-switched Nd:YAG, 1,064 nm, 60 mj, 8 ns, 10 Hz	Aluminum alloy	Sr	0.56	2018	[94]
RELIBS	Q-switched Nd:YAG, 1,064 nm, 7 ns, 5 Hz	Aluminum alloy	Si	1438	2010	[44]
RLIBS	OPO laser, 210 nm–2.2 μm, 20–200 μj, 5 ns, 10 Hz	Aluminum alloy	Si	80	2013	[45]
DP-LIBS	Q-switched Nd:YAG, 1,064 nm, 5 ns	Aluminum alloy	Li	3.2	2019	[95]
CF-LIBS	Q-switched Nd:YAG, 1,064 nm, 80–120 mj, 5 ns, 10 Hz	Gold alloy	Ag	4.3	2018	[116]
CF-LIBS	Q-switched Nd:YAG, 1,064 nm, 80–120 mj, 5 ns, 10 Hz	Gold alloy	Au	0.05	2018	[116]
LIBS-LIF	Q-switched Nd:YAG, 532 nm, 8 ns, 60 mj, 10 Hz	Nickel-based superalloy	B	0.9	2016	[100]