Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) for Trace Element Detection: A Review

Table 4

LIBS characterization for the detection of nutrients and toxic elements in plants.

Method	Operating parameters	Matrix	Elements	LoD (ppm)	Year	Ref No.
Univariate calibration	Nd:YAG laser, 1,064 nm, 2 μs, 200 mj, 10 Hz	Leaves of soya, lettuce, endive, boldo, grass, jack, brachiaria, coffee, mango, maize, and pepper	B, Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn	1.4, 2.5, 2.8, 1.1, 1.0	2008	[152]
Univariate calibration	Nd:YAG laser, 1,064 nm, 2 μs, 10 Hz	Sugar cane leaves	Ca, Mg, P, B, Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn, al, K	0.1, 0.01, 1.0, 0.5, 0.4, 0.4, 0.3, 0.2, 3.9, 2,000	2012	[153]
Univariate calibration	Nd:YAG laser, 1,064 nm, 2 μs, 200 mj, 10 Hz	Leaves and flowers of cannabis	Al, Ba, Ca, Br, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, P, Rb, Sr	4.7, 0.22, 69.4, 0.11, 0.12, 1.65, 158, 14.9, 3.01, 1.4, 22, 0.1, 0.8	2015	[154]
Univariate calibration	Fs-laser, 795 nm, 160 fs, 100 μj, 10 Hz	Dried maize and fresh Cornus stolonifera	Fe	Not reported	2005	[144]
Univariate calibration	Nd:YAG laser, 1,064 nm, 80 and 140 mj, 10 Hz	Spinach leaves and unpolished rice	Mg, Ca, Na, K	29.63, 102.65, 36.36, 44.46 (spinach leaves), 7.54, 1.76, 4.19, 6.7 (rice)	2012	[120]
Univariate calibration	Nd:YAG laser, 532 nm, 5 ns, 500 mj, 10 Hz	Allium cepa L. leaves	Cu	0.028	2019	[143]
PLS	Nd:YAG laser, 1,064 nm, 2 μs, 110 mj, 10 Hz	Sugarcane leaves	P, K, Ca, Mg, Mn, Fe, Zn, B	30, 210, 80, 120, 6.6, 9.5, 1.2, 0.8	2010	[146]
PLS	Nd:YAG laser, 532 nm, 1.1 μs, 70 mj, 10 Hz	Leaves of brachiaria, soya, banana, coffee, maize, mango, pepper	B, Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn	3, 5, 7, 4, 12	2010	[149]
PLS	Ti:sapphire laser, 800 nm, 35 μs, 1.65 mj, 1 kHz	Leaves of sugar cane, soya, citrus, coffee, maize, bean, eucalyptus, mango, banana, grape, millet, rubber tree, tomato	Ca, Mg, P, Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn	7, 20, 400, 7, 12, 2, 80	2015	[148]
Univariate and PLS	Nd:YAG laser, 532 nm, 4 and 20 μs, 60 mj, 1 Hz	Rice leaves	Cr	4.3856 (univariate calibration)	2017	[147]
CF-LIBS	Nd:YAG laser, 1,064 nm, 5 μs, 850 mj, 10 Hz	Roots, stem, and leaves of Euphorbia indica	Cr	4.8 (root), 4.6 (stem), 3.5 (leaf)	2019	[141]