Analytic Method on Characteristic Parameters of Bacteria in Water by Multiwavelength Transmission Spectroscopy

Hu, Yuxia; Zhao, Nanjing; Gan, Tingting; Duan, Jingbo; Yu, Hui Juan; Meng, Deshuo; Liu, Jianguo; Liu, Wenqing

doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/4039048

Journal of Spectroscopy

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Abstract Introduction Experimental and Materials Results and Discussion Conclusions Conflicts of Interest Acknowledgments References Copyright Related Articles

Research Article | Open Access

Volume 2017 | Article ID 4039048 | https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/4039048

Analytic Method on Characteristic Parameters of Bacteria in Water by Multiwavelength Transmission Spectroscopy

Yuxia Hu,^1,2,3Nanjing Zhao ,^1,3Tingting Gan,^1,3Jingbo Duan,^1,3Hui Juan Yu,^1,2,3Deshuo Meng,^1,3Jianguo Liu,^1,3and Wenqing Liu^1,3

Academic Editor: Tino Hofmann

Received19 Apr 2017

Accepted31 Oct 2017

Published27 Dec 2017

Abstract

An analytic method together with the Mie scattering theory and Beer-Lambert law is proposed for the characteristic parameter determination of bacterial cells (Escherichia coli 10389) from multiwavelength transmission spectroscopy measurements. We calculate the structural parameters of E. coli cells, and compared with the microscopy, the relative error of cell volume is 7.90%, the cell number is compared with those obtained by plate counting, the relative error is l.02%, and the nucleic content and protein content of single E. coli cells are consistent with the data reported elsewhere. The proposed method can obtain characteristic parameters of bacteria as an excellent candidate for the rapid detection and identification of bacteria in the water.

1. Introduction

Different kinds of bacteria have different pollution degrees of water body; consequently, determining the characteristics and concentration of bacteria in the water plays an important role in guaranteeing the security of drinking water. E. coli is a prokaryotic organism known to cause diarrhea in humans and other animals, which is an important indicator bacterium in environmental water quality monitoring and food security [1–4].

At present, the existing detection methods of the concentration and physical structure and compositional characteristics of bacteria, such as isolation and culture [5–7], immunology [8, 9], nucleic acid hybridization [10], polymerase chain reaction [11, 12], and protein-chip technology [13], provide precise results, but there are still some limitations existing such as complex operation and long analysis time. In order to realize rapid detection of bacteria, some spectroscopy techniques, such as fluorescence [14–16], infrared [17–19], and Raman [20–23], have also been used for the determination of characteristic parameters of bacteria. The disadvantages associated with those spectroscopy techniques include the high performance requirements for instrumentation and the inability to provide detailed information of the structural and compositional characteristics of the bacteria cells.

Multiwavelength transmission spectroscopy is a newly developed technique for the characterization of suspended particles, which measurements capture light attenuation due to scattering and absorption of the measured particles, and provide information on the physical and chemical character of the particles. Multiwavelength transmission spectroscopy has many advantages such as easy operation, no reaction reagents, nondamage, rapid measurement, especially, and can obtain multiple parameters of the measured cells. This technique has been proved to be sensitive for the characterization of human blood cells [24, 25], algae cells [26, 27], protozoa cells [28], and bacteria cells [29].

Several common methods for the characterization of bacteria by this spectroscopy analysis have been reported, Yet, most of the reported methods require that either the Rayleigh scattering be assumed a priori or that multiangle-scattering spectrum be detected [30, 31].

In this article, we present a new spectroscopy method for the characterization of E. coli with multiwavelength transmission spectroscopy. It is demonstrated that quantitative information on the cell size, number, nucleotides, and protein content of E. coli can be estimated herein. These characteristic parameters can be used effectively for the rapid identification and detection of E. coli in water supplies.

2. Methodology

2.1. Mie Theory

According to the Mie theory, the turbidity spectrum of prokaryote was defined with an assumption of monodisperse spherical cell population as where is the number of cells, is the path length, is the wavelength in the medium, D corresponds to the average diameter of the cell, and is the extinction efficiency, which is a function of the cell size, the wavelength, and the refractive index ratio of the cell to the medium.

If the absorption by cells in the medium is negligible, the extinction efficiency is equal to the scattering efficiency

Assuming that biological cells are approximate to homogeneous spherical particles, the scattering coefficient is computed from the rigorous Mie theory as given by [32]: where a dimensionless particle size a is equal to and m is the ratio of refractive index of the cells to the refractive index of the medium , where is the refractive index of water [33]. Mie coefficients and are the complex function of a and m [32]. where is the semi-integer order Bessel function and is the second kind Henkel function.

2.2. Beer-Lambert Law

If the scattering effects of the measured cells are negligible, the decreased light intensity is only caused by the absorption of chemical composition of cells. In accordance with the Beer-Lambert law, the absorbance is written as where A is the measured absorbance, corresponds to a wavelength-dependent absorption coefficient, c is the concentration of chemical composition, and is the sample path length. Clearly, if the absorption coefficient and the path length are known, (4) can be used to estimate the concentration of chemical composition.

3. Experimental and Materials

3.1. Bacterial Strain and Sample Preparation

E. coli (CICC number 10389) was obtained from the China Center of Industrial Culture Collection (CICC). The bacterial suspension was made by activating the bacteria, culturing at 37°C in beef extract peptone medium (pH 7.0) containing 0.3% beef extract, 1% peptone, 0.5% NaCl, and 2% agar, expanding propagating in solution culture, centrifuging in the centrifuge (H-1650, Jiangdong Instrument), and washing in sterilized deionized water.

3.2. Spectroscopy Measurements

The multiwavelength transmission spectra of E. coli were recorded by a UV/visible spectrophotometer (UV 2550 Shimadzu, Kyoto, Japan) in the region from 230 to 820 nm. The instrument records the spectra which represent the averages of 3 replicate measurements with 1 nm sampling intervals. To eliminate the effect of inhomogeneity in the suspending medium, the sterilized deionized water was used as reference solution. All measurements were made using a 1 cm path-length quartz cuvettes at room temperature.

3.3. Plate Count Method

Cell suspensions (1 ml) were diluted with 9 ml sterilized deionized water to obtain serial dilutions (10⁻¹ − 10⁻⁹) from bacterial suspensions. Each dilution solution (1 ml) drawn by the pipette and nutrient agar medium at 45°C was poured into the sterile plate. These plates were incubated at 37°C/24 h and CFU counted [13].

3.4. Cell Size

The cell size was observed by Gram’s staining and oil microscopy (Olympus, CX41), E. coli cells were considered as ellipsoids. The following formula was used to calculate the cell volume (V), from the width (w) and the length (l) of the cells: . Bacterial length and width were calculated by means of the averages of 20 cell length measurements and width measurements, respectively.

4. Results and Discussion

4.1. Experimental Results

The multiwavelength transmission spectra of E. coli in the region from 230 to 820 nm after culture for 16 hours are shown in Figure 1; the abscissa stands for wavelength and the ordinate stands for optical density. The spectra in the wavelength region between 400 and 820 nm change gently without obvious absorption peaks, which are mainly indicative of the scattering of the cells and its internal structure, and reflect differences in the number, size, and internal structure of the cells. The spectra in the region from 230 to 400 nm appear to be clearly more intense than that of the former, which includes not only the scattering information but also the absorption information of bacteria. Notice in the spectra of E. coli the shoulder peak at around 260 nm, this is due to the absorption which is caused by the chemical constituents of the E. coli.

4.2. Spectral Analysis: Scattering Component

The refractive index changes with the presence of mitochondria and plasmids in E. coli. Therefore, the cell is divided into two structural groups: the cell body and the internal structure [34].

The refractive index of the cell body of E. coli is given by [35]

And for the internal structure [31],

In the region from 230 to 820 nm, the variance of size distribution has little impact on optical density [25]; therefore, if the absorption is negligible, the optical density of scattered spectra (1) can be rewritten: where is the bacteria concentration, is the scattering path length, and and are the scattering coefficients of the macrostructure and internal structure of bacteria, respectively. and are the equivalent diameters of the macrostructure and internal structure of bacteria, respectively.

Bacterial concentration is not easily controlled in spectral measurement; in order to exactly calculate the diameters of the macrostructure and internal structure of the bacteria, the measured spectra are normalized with the total optical density between 230 and 820 nm.

As in the region from 400 to 820 nm where little to no absorption occurs, these spectra lie mainly in the scattering by cell suspension. Therefore, theoretically, the measured spectra in this region (400–820 nm) of E. coli can be calculated by (7), which is a function of the selected structural parameters of E. coli. By a nonlinear least squares optimization algorithm, the normalized measured spectra in the 400–820 nm wavelength range are fitted by the calculated spectra with (7), and the calculated spectra are iterated until relative changes in the sum of squares are less than 10⁻⁸. The fitting results are shown in Figure 2, clearly indicating that good agreement between the measured and calculated spectra. The average relative error is 0.70%, and the maximum relative error is 2.79%. It is evident that the calculated spectra can represent the scattering features of measured spectra.

From the analysis of the scattered spectra, Table 1 shows the structural parameters of E. coli including cell volume, average diameter, internal structure diameter, and contribution of internal structure, where data from the microscopy method has also been included. It can be seen that average diameter of E. coli is 1.4777 μm, in order to be compared with the microscopy analysis. Assuming a spherical shape for the bacterial cell, the calculated volume of the average cell is 1.6899 μm³, which is in a good agreement with the result of microscopy analysis (the relative error is 7.90%).

Obviously, when the incident wavelength is fixed, the measured spectrum has linear relationships with single bacterial cell spectra. Therefore, a plot of measured optical density, as a function of a single bacterial optical density calculated from the structural parameters in Table 1, is shown in Figure 3, where the measured optical density is fitted using the linear equation: where a and b are the fitting parameters, which results are a = 35066882.23 and b = −0.0001714441807, with a correlation coefficient = 0.9998, indicating that these data are well fitted by this equation. The bacterial concentration is calculated using the formula , where . Compared with bacterial concentration obtained from plate counting, the relative deviation calculated by is 1.02%, where is the observations from the plate counting, as given in Table 2.

4.3. Spectral Analysis: Absorption Component

Knowing the structural parameters and bacterial concentration of E. coli, the scattered spectra are computed by (7); the absorption component spectra in the 230–820 nm wavelength range are computed by subtracting the scattered spectra from the measured transmission spectra for Figure 4. Also, notice that the absorption component has a strong peak in the region from 230 to 300 nm, this is due to the absorption caused by the chemical composition of E. coli. Therefore, the spectral feature of absorption component in the region between 230 and 300 nm could be used for determination of chemical composition parameter purposes.

E. coli is a typical gram-negative, nonspore, rod-shaped bacterium, whose main chemical components are protein and nucleic acid (approximately 80 percent of the cell’s dry weight), its minor constituents, carbohydrate (8.4%), lipid (9.1%), and coenzyme (2.5%) [36, 37]. Chemical composition of microorganisms, such as protein, nucleic acid, and dipicolinic acid, plays a significant role in the absorption of ultraviolet light [38]. Figure 5 shows a comparison of the absorption coefficient of nucleic acid, chromophoric amino acids, and dipicolinic acid weighted by their typical concentration versus wavelength.

In order to accurately calculate the chemical composition content of bacteria, the proportion of nucleic acid and protein are judged. Figure 4 shows the optical density of the absorption component spectra. Knowing OD₂₈₀ = 0.1065, OD₂₆₀ = 0.1338, and OD₂₈₀/OD₂₆₀ = 0.7960, this proportion between 0.5 and 1.8 clearly indicates that the chemical compositions of nucleic acid and protein exist in bacteria.

There are 20 kinds of amino acids that make up protein in organisms, most of which have no absorption in the 230–310 nm wavelength range; only the aromatic amino acids (tyrosine, phenylalanine, and tryptophan) have absorption in the 250–300 nm region, and its maximum absorption wavelength is at 280 nm [20]. The ribose and phosphoric acid in the nucleic acids have no absorption in the UV region; however, purine and pyrimidine bases with conjugated double bond systems have strong absorption in the 250–280 nm wavelength range [39]. Therefore, the spectra in the wavelength region between 250 and 300 nm, which is the strongest absorption band of nucleic acid and protein, could be analyzed for determination of nucleic acid and protein concentration.

According to the Beer-Lambert Law, the optical density at the fixed wavelength is proportional to the absorption coefficient of chemical compositions of bacteria. But the components of E. coli are complex, besides nucleic acid and protein have absorption for light, other components have some influence on optical density. The absorbance component optical density of E. coli can be expressed as where and are the absorption coefficients of nucleic acid and protein, respectively. and are the concentration of nucleic acid and protein, respectively. is a constant, in which its optical density generated other components.

The absorption spectra in the 250–300 nm wavelength range are calculated, following (9). Clearly, the multiple linear regression analysis method is used for the determination of nucleic acid and protein content. As shown in Figure 6, the absorbance component optical density can be written as where nucleic acid content and protein content , with a correlation coefficient of 0.98786 indicating that these data are well fitted by (10).

The protein and nucleic acid content of single bacterium are calculated by nucleic acid content , protein content , and cell number , as given in Table 2.

As indicated in Table 2, the amount of nucleic acid estimate is 7.1335 × 10⁻¹⁴ g/cell, which is almost the same as the value reported in the literature (7.0 × 10⁻¹⁴, [40]). In addition, the protein content estimate is certainly within the range of values reported in the literature [41], which were obtained with entirely different approach. It means that the amounts of nucleic acid and protein of E. coli could be obtained with the interpretation of the absorption component spectra.

In order to verify the repeatability of the method, for the same E. coli cell suspension, the three measured optical density spectra (230–820 nm) are collected (Figure 7); according to the proposed analysis, several parameters are calculated in Table 3, and their relative standard deviation (RSD) is less than 5%. The low RSD values provide evidence that the method has better precision.

5. Conclusions

We propose a new approach to obtain average size, number, and chemical composition of E. coli cells from multiwavelength transmission spectra. According to the analysis of the scattering spectra in the wavelength range from 400 to 820 nm, the structural parameters of E. coli can be obtained; compared with the microscopy, the relative error of cell volume is 7.90%. The cell number was obtained by using linear fitting; compared to plate counting, the relative error of cell number is l.02%. The absorbance components of the spectra in the wavelength which range from 250 to 300 nm are further analyzed based on the Beer-Lambert Law; the compositional information on nucleic acid and protein content can be obtained, which agrees with literature values reported for E. coli. It is evident that multiwavelength transmission spectroscopy has the potential to obtain accurate information about the number and the structural and compositional characteristics of bacterial cells, which provides a simple, rapid, and accurate means for the detection and warning of bacteria in the water.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.

Acknowledgments

This work was supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Anhui Province (nos. 1508085JGD02 and 1608085QF137), the Science and Technology Key Project of Anhui Province (no. 15CZZ04125), and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (no. 61378041 and no. 61705237).

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Copyright © 2017 Yuxia Hu et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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