Alterations in Sensitivity to Estrogen, Dihydrotestosterone, and Xenogens in B-Lymphocytes from Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder and Their Unaffected Twins/Siblings
Figure 2
Changes in growth of B-lymphocytes and their mitochondrial/cell ratio as a function of E2, DHT, and DDE concentrations. Cumulative sum plots of Figure 1 data were created showing the effects of the 3 effectors on the 4 cell types, AUT (⚫), Bro (▲), Sis (∆), and Con (□). Solid line = AUT, broken line = Bro. Error bars are SEM. (a) shows changes in cellular growth as evidenced by LDH levels in the different cell populations when grown in the presence of the 3 effectors. (b) shows changes in the mitochondrial function per cell as evidenced by the XTT/LDH ratio. The starting concentration of zero nM represents the baseline LDH and XTT/LDH levels normalized to 0. The most significant difference between the AUT and Con cells in regard to growth suppression and mitochondrial function was seen in the presence of DHT. ASD: autism spectrum disorder; AUT: B cells from individual with ASD; Bro: B cells from brother of individual with ASD; Con: control B cells from individual with no personal or family history of ASD; DDE: dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene; DHT: dihydrotestosterone; E2: estradiol; LDH: lactate dehydrogenase; SEM: standard error of the mean; Sis: B cells from phenotypically normal sister of individual with ASD; XTT: 2,3-bis(2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium-5-carboxanilide; XTT/LDH: ratio of XTT/LDH indicative of mitochondrial function per cell.
