Impairment of Hepatic and Renal Functions by 2,5-Hexanedione Is Accompanied by Oxidative Stress in Rats

Table 4

Biomarkers of renal dysfunction in rats exposed to 2,5-hexanedione for 21 days.

Endpoints	Control	0.25% 2,5-HD	0.50% 2,5-HD	1.0% 2,5-HD
Na^+ (mmol/L)	126.15 ± 1.71	139.67 ± 1.53*	140.33 ± 2.31*	147.20 ± 1.41*
K^+ (mmol/L)	3.78 ± 0.33	4.03 ± 0.33	4.63 ± 0.61*	5.05 ± 0.66*
(mmol/L)	20.60 ± 1.04	24.70 ± 1.92*	28.50 ± 1.09*	34.64 ± 1.13*
Cl^− (mmol/L)	83.30 ± 1.63	88.67 ± 3.21	94.50 ± 1.91*	96.50 ± 2.22*
Urea (mmol/L)	14.30 ± 0.62	18.03 ± 1.03*	18.86 ± 1.67*	19.46 ± 0.57*
Creatinine (mmol/L)	89.75 ± 3.30	135.33 ± 3.79*	151.04 ± 2.00*	161.80 ± 2.65*

The data are expressed as mean ± SD for eight animals per group. * < 0.05 against control.