Journal of Toxicology

Research Article

Ecological Risk Assessment of Metal Pollution along Greater Cairo Sector of the River Nile, Egypt, Using Nile Tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus, as Bioindicator

Table 5

Hazard index (HI) and the cumulative risk effect for normal and habitual fish consumers.


		Cu				Zn
		Site 1 (G)	Site 2 (M)	Site 3 (I)	Site 4 (K)	Site 1 (G)	Site 2 (M)	Site 3 (I)	Site 4 (K)

Winter	Normal	0.06	0.04	0.03	0.04	0.04	0.04	0.04	0.04
Winter	Habitual	0.28	0.20	0.14	0.16	0.17	0.20	0.18	0.19

Spring	Normal	0.10	0.09	0.05	0.05	0.08	0.06	0.05	0.05
Spring	Habitual	0.45	0.40	0.22	0.24	0.38	0.29	0.22	0.21

Summer	Normal	0.05	0.02	0.03	0.04	0.05	0.05	0.03	0.04
Summer	Habitual	0.22	0.11	0.14	0.16	0.23	0.22	0.14	0.19

Autumn	Normal	0.07	0.05	0.03	0.03	0.04	0.04	0.03	0.04
Autumn	Habitual	0.30	0.24	0.15	0.12	0.19	0.17	0.15	0.19

		Mn				Cd
		Site 1 (G)	Site 2 (M)	Site 3 (I)	Site 4 (K)	Site 1 (G)	Site 2 (M)	Site 3 (I)	Site 4 (K)

Winter	Normal	0.01	0.01	0.01	0.01	0.004	0.04	0.01	0.004
Winter	Habitual	0.04	0.02	0.04	0.02	0.02	0.16	0.06	0.02

Spring	Normal	0.01	0.003	0.01	0.01	0.04	0.02	0.02	0.03
Spring	Habitual	0.06	0.01	0.04	0.04	0.16	0.10	0.10	0.14

Summer	Normal	0.001	0.003	0.003	0.003	0.02	0.03	0.03	0.04
Summer	Habitual	0.01	0.02	0.01	0.02	0.10	0.14	0.12	0.18

Autumn	Normal	0.005	0.004	0.01	0.01	0.02	0.01	0.02	0.01
Autumn	Habitual	0.02	0.02	0.05	0.03	0.10	0.04	0.10	0.04

		Pb				Fe
		Site 1 (G)	Site 2 (M)	Site 3 (I)	Site 4 (K)	Site 1 (G)	Site 2 (M)	Site 3 (I)	Site 4 (K)

Winter	Normal	0.01	0.08	0.004	0.05	0.02	0.02	0.02	0.02
Winter	Habitual	0.03	0.36	0.02	0.24	0.08	0.08	0.08	0.09

Spring	Normal	0.23	0.31	0.04	0.03	0.09	0.02	0.05	0.03
Spring	Habitual	1.06	1.40	0.16	0.12	0.42	0.10	0.21	0.15

Summer	Normal	0.13	0.08	0.03	0.07	0.01	0.02	0.01	0.02
Summer	Habitual	0.61	0.36	0.12	0.33	0.05	0.09	0.04	0.07

Autumn	Normal	0.04	0.06	0.07	0.02	0.02	0.02	0.02	0.02
Autumn	Habitual	0.16	0.29	0.31	0.10	0.08	0.08	0.08	0.08

		Cumulative risk effect
		Site 1 (G)		Site 2 (M)		Site 3 (I)		Site 4 (K)

Winter	Normal	0.14		0.23		0.11		0.16
Winter	Habitual	0.63		1.03		0.51		0.73

Spring	Normal	0.56		0.50		0.21		0.20
Spring	Habitual	2.54		2.30		0.95		0.89

Summer	Normal	0.27		0.21		0.12		0.21
Summer	Habitual	1.22		0.94		0.56		0.95

Autumn	Normal	0.19		0.18		0.19		0.12
Autumn	Habitual	0.86		0.84		0.84		0.57

G, Giza; M, Manyal; I, Imbaba; and K, Kanater.
HI ≥ 1.0, which is the point at which adverse health effects are expected to occur.