Country Authors (year) Study setting Study period Type of study Outcome of interest Number of cases reviewed Main results Burundi WHO (2009) [4 ] National statistics 2004 Burden of disease estimation Mortality from unintentional poisoning — 7.8 deaths per 100,000 persons Comoros WHO (2009) [4 ] National statistics 2004 Burden of disease estimation Mortality from unintentional poisoning 1.7 deaths per 100,000 persons Djibouti WHO (2009) [4 ] National statistics 2004 Burden of disease estimation Mortality from unintentional poisoning 3.9 deaths per 100,000 persons Djibouti Benois et al. (2009) [5 ] French Military Hospital, Djibouti 18 mths, 2006-7 Prospective descriptive study Childhood kerosene poisoning 17 11 (64.7%) with pulmonary signs, 7 (41%) with pneumonia, and 6 (35%) asymptomatic Djibouti Seignot et al. (1992) [6 ] Hopital d’Instruction des Armees Case report Snakebite (Echis carinatus) 1 Fatal outcome Djibouti Larréché et al. (2011) [7 ] Intensive care unit of French Military Hospital, in Djibouti Oct 1994–May 2006 Retrospective case review Effectiveness of delayed antivenom administration in Snakebite with African viperidae 73 64 (76%) given antivenom; 68 (93%) had coagulopathy; administration of antivenom effective in correcting coagulopathy even if given >24 hours after bite Djibouti Aigle et al. (2010) [8 ] July 2008–July 2009 Prospective case series Stingray stings 12 stings treated during study period Eritrea WHO (2009) [4 ] National statistics 2004 Burden of disease estimation Mortality from unintentional poisoning 3.7 deaths per 100,000 persons Ethiopia WHO (2009) [4 ] National statistics 2004 Burden of disease estimation Mortality from unintentional poisoning 3.5 deaths per 100,000 persons Ethiopia Abebe (1991) [9 ] Retrospective case review Organophosphate poisoning 50 Case fatality rate was 20% Ethiopia Aseffa et al.10 ] Gondar College of Medical Sciences Students Clinic 31 Dec–4 Jan 1992 Prospective case series Food poisoning (Salmonella Newport) 344 79 (23%) of students had clinical symptoms of food poisoning Ethiopia Alem et al.11 ] Butajira rural district Nov 1994–Jan 1995 Community based cross-sectional survey Suicide attempts among adults 332 Poisoning (42.4%) was second most common method of attempting suicide; strong detergents and rodenticides most commonly used by women Ethiopia Abula and Wondmikun12 ] Gondar University Teaching Hospital Jul 2001–Jun 2004 Retrospective case review Acute poisoning 102 Poisoning accounted for 0.45% of emergency room admissions; organophosphates accounted for 41.5% of poisoning cases; case fatality rate 2.4% Ethiopia Melaku et al. (2006) [13 ] Tikur Anbessa Specialised Teaching Hospital 1985–2000 Retrospective review of admissions to ICU Acute poisoning 3548 168 (4.7%) admissions and 44 (3.9%) deaths due to organophosphate poisoning Ethiopia Desalew et al. (2011) [14 ] Tikur Anbessa Specialised Teaching Hospital Jan 2007–Dec 2008 Retrospective study Acute adult poisoning 116 Most (96.5%) of the cases were intentional self-harm cases with household cleaning agents being the leading toxicants used (43.1%) followed by organophosphates (21.6%); the case fatality rate from this study was reported to be 8.6% Ethiopia Azazh (2011) [15 ] Tikur Anbessa Specialised Teaching Hospital Jan 2007 Case report Organophosphate poisoning 1 N/A Ethiopia Selassie16 ] Jimma Hospital Jan 1996–Jan 1997 Prospective study of admissions Organophosphate poisoning 23 Male : female ratio was 1 : 2.83; most common clinical findings were vomiting and abdominal pain; no deaths; average time to reach hospital was 18 hours Ethiopia Makita et al.17 ] Debre Zeyit, Ethiopia N/A Mathematical modelling Staphylococcal poisoning N/A Authors estimated that the annual incidence rate of staphylococcal poisoning in the area was 20 per 1000 people (90% CI: 13.9–26.9) Ethiopia Aga and Geyid (1992) [18 ] Clinics July-August 1984 Datura stramonium 688 Case fatality rate was 1.31% Kenya WHO (2009) [4 ] National statistics 2004 Burden of disease estimation Mortality from unintentional poisoning 3.4 deaths per 100,000 persons Kenya Charters19 ] Hospital 1949–52 Case reports Mushroom poisoning 3 Clinical signs and symptoms described Kenya Davidson20 ] Hospital Case report Snakebite (Naja mossambica pallid) 1 Patient survived Kenya Mwangemi21 ] Wajir District Hospital Dec 1973–Dec 1975 Retrospective case review Snakebite 38 Case fatality rate was 2.6% Kenya Greenham22 ] Garissa Provincial Hospital Nov 1976 Case report Snakebite 1 Clinical picture of snakebite resulting from the spitting cobra (Naja mossambica pallida) in a 5-year-old child Kenya Smith et al.23 ] Gabra nomads ? Case series Botulism 300 Attack rate for the entire community of 300 was 3% and 62% for the funeral attenders Kenya Kahuho24 ] Intensive care unit in Kenyatta National Hospital Aug 1972–Apr 1978 Retrospective case review Drug and other chemicals poisoning 72 Incidence of 33.7 cases per 1000 admissions Kenya Ngindu et al. (1982) [25 ] Three hospitals in Machakos district ? Case series Aflatoxicosis 20 60% case fatality rate Kenya Snow et al.26 ] Kilifi District, Mombasa 1994 Community based retrospective survey Snakebite 4712 households Annual rate of snakebite estimated to be 150 per 100,000 people; only 19% of the victims were bitten by potentially venomous snakes; no deaths Kenya Coombs et al. (1997) [27 ] (i) Kakamega and western Kenya, (ii) Lake Baringo and Laikipia, (iii) Kilifi and Malindi, and (iv) northern Kenya Community based cross-sectional survey Snakebite The overall average frequency of snakebite was 13.8 per 100,000 people per year and the minimum rate of snakebite mortality was 0.45/100,000/year Kenya CDC (2004) [28 ] Eastern and central provinces Apr 2004–Jul 2004 Case series Aflatoxicosis 317 39.4% case fatality rate Kenya Guantai et al. (1993) [29 ] 19 Kenyan District and provincial hospitals and Kenyatta National Hospital 3 years Retrospective case review of paediatric poisonings Poisoning 1904 in total, of which 40% were children <15 years In the under five years group paraffin, drugs, and organophosphates accounted for 41.09, 23.81, and 15.17% of poisoning cases, respectively Kenya Lang et al.30 ] Kilifi District Hospital Jan 2005–Dec 2006 Retrospective case review of paediatric poisonings Accidental paraffin poisoning 48 Incidence of children hospitalised with paraffin poisoning was 17 in 100,000 Kenya Musumba et al. (2004) [31 ] Hospital Case report Salicylate poisoning 3 Kenya Mbakaya et al. (1994) [32 ] Hospital 1998/1990 Retrospective case review Pesticide poisoning 455 455 cases of organochlorine poisoning Kenya BBC news 20 Nov (2000) [33 ] Media report 2000 Methanol poisoning >640 cases 512 poisonings, plus 130 deaths from drinking chang’aa; it is also noted that more than 80 people died in 1998 Kenya Ministry Environment (2011) [34 ] National chemicals profile 2005 Methanol poisoning 50 deaths Kenya Nyamu et al. (2012) [35 ] Kenyatta National Hospital Jan 2002 to June 2003 Study of admissions Poisoning 458 cases Most common poisoning was due to pesticides, accounting for 43% of admissions, followed by household products at 24% Madagascar WHO (2009) [4 ] National statistics 2004 Burden of disease estimation Mortality from unintentional poisoning 2.9 deaths per 100,000 people Madagascar Vicens et al. (1986) [36 ] Various hospitals 1982 Laboratory investigation of cases of botulism and analysis of suspected food Food-induced botulism 20 Botulinum toxin Type E identified on bioassay Madagascar Domergue37 ] Hospital Case reports Snakebite (Colubrida opisthoglypha) 2 Madagascar Habermehl et al. (1994) [38 ] Outbreak report Severe ciguatera/ciguatera-like poisoning >500 Case fatality rate was 20% Madagascar Ramialiharisoa et al. (1994) [39 ] Hospital Mar 1991–Jul 1992 Observational Spider bite (latrodectism) 10 Case fatality rate was 10% Madagascar Ramialiharisoa et al. (1996) [40 ]; Ramialiharisoa et al. (1997) [41 ] Vohipeno Outbreak report Ciguatera/ciguatera-like poisoning 600 310 patients admitted, 4 deaths Madagascar Ranaivoson et al. (1994) [42 ] Dec 1994 Outbreak report Seafood (sea turtle) poisoning 60 The poisoning attack rate was 48% Madagascar Boisier et al. (1994) [43 ] Hospital Prospective observational Seafood (Carcharhinus leucas) poisoning 200 The poisoning attack rate was 100% Madagascar Champetier De Ribes et al. (1998) [44 ] National surveillance Jan 1993–Jan 1998 Prospective epidemiological study Seafood poisoning 19 episodes 1789 people poisoned; 70% of episodes were due to consumption of sea turtle or shark; there were 102 deaths (case fatality rate of 6%) Madagascar Ribes et al.45 ] 560 villages with 585,000 people along the Madagascar coast 1996-1997 Community based knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) survey Seafood poisoning 380 cases of poisoning recalled over 1930–1996 Sharks were responsible for most serious poisoning (48%), in addition to other fishes (37%) and marine turtles (11%); neurological and gastrointestinal features predominated in shark poisonings Madagascar Robinson et al.46 ] Tulear Province with 41 villages spread along 300 km of coast with about 34,000 inhabitants Jun-July 1996 Community based KAP survey Seafood poisoning 84 Cases reported over period 1931–1995, involving fish, sharks, and turtles; case fatality rate of 16.7% Madagascar Ravaonindrina et al. (2001) [47 ] July 1998 Case series Puffer fish poisoning 4 One death; tetrodotoxin identified. Malawi WHO (2009) [4 ] National statistics 2004 Burden of disease estimation Mortality from unintentional poisoning 0.9 deaths per 100,000 persons Malawi O’Reilly and Heikens (2011) [48 ] Hospital Case report Organophosphate poisoning 1 Survived Malawi Chibwana et al. (2001) [49 ] Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital 1 year Prospective observational Childhood poisoning 144 Most (82%) of admissions were due to accidental poisoning Malawi Dzamalala et al. (2006) [50 ] Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital and University of Malawi College of Medicine Mortuaries Jan 2000–Dec 2003 Retrospective audit of suicides autopsied Deliberate self-harm leading to death (suicides) 84 Pesticide poisoning accounted for 66 cases (79%) of suicide Malawi Yu et al. (2009) [51 ] Central referral hospital ? Retrospective case review Childhood injury Poisoning accounted for 15.1% of child injuries in the study Mauritius WHO (2009) [4 ] National statistics 2004 Burden of disease estimation Mortality from unintentional poisoning 0.1 deaths per 100,000 persons Mauritius Glaizal et al.52 ] ? March 2010 Case reports Ciguatera/ciguatera-like poisoning 4 Clinical poisoning, with recurrence 1 year later Mozambique WHO (2009) [4 ] National statistics 2004 Burden of disease estimation Mortality from unintentional poisoning 3.4 deaths per 100,000 persons Mozambique Ministry of Health (1984) [53 ] Nampula province Aug–Oct Community based cross-sectional survey Spastic paraparesis (mantakassa/konzo) caused by cassava consumption 1102 Highest incidence rate was 34 per 1000 inhabitants in one village Mozambique Cliff et al. (1986) [54 ] Acordos de Lusaka village, Memba District 1981 ? Konzo caused by cassava consumption ? Incidence rate was 34 cases per 1000 people Mozambique Casadei et al. (1990) [55 ] Acordos de Lusaka village, Memba District 1982 ? Spastic paraparesis caused by cassava consumption ? Incidence rate was 4 cases per 1000 persons Mozambique Cliff and Coutinho56 ] Provincial Hospital in Chimoio Jun–Aug 1992 Case series Acute cassava intoxication 70 0.14% case fatality rate Mozambique Cliff et al. (1997) [57 ] In Mujocjo, Nacacana, Moconi, and Terreni A Chieftaincies in Mogincual district, Mozambique July 1993 Community based cross-sectional survey Spastic paraparesis caused by cassava consumption 72 The highest prevalence rate was 30/1000 in Mujocojo Chieftaincy Mozambique Cliff et al.58 ] Mogincual district July 1993 Ankle clonus, thiocyanate, linamarin and sulphate excretion 397 Proportion of children with clonus ranged from 4% to 22%; geometric mean thiocyanate, linamarin, and inorganic sulphate concentrations were 163 and 60 Mozambique Ernesto et al. (2002) [59 ] Memba and Mogincual districts: 3 communities Oct 1999 Community based survey Konzo and cyanogen in flour 27 Proportion of schoolchildren with ankle clonus was 8% to 17%; 27 new cases of konzo were found; cassava flour samples were found to contain 26 to 186 ppm of cyanogen. Rwanda WHO (2009) [4 ] National statistics 2004 Burden of disease estimation Mortality from unintentional poisoning 1.3 deaths per 100,000 persons Seychelles WHO (2009) [4 ] National statistics 2004 Burden of disease estimation Mortality from unintentional poisoning 0 deaths per 100,000 persons Seychelles Lagraulet (1975) [60 ] Case report Poisoning with fish toxin Seychelles Myers et al. (2009) [61 ] Seychelles Child Development Study Prospective longitudinal study Effects of methyl mercury exposure 779 Recent postnatal exposure at 107 months of age was adversely associated with four endpoints, but no consistent pattern Uganda WHO (2009) [4 ] National statistics 2004 Burden of disease estimation Mortality from unintentional poisoning 11.4 deaths per 100,000 persons Uganda Bwibo (1969) [62 ] New Mulago Hospital Jan 1963–Dec 1968 Retrospective case review Accidental poisoning in children 130 Admission rate for accidental poisoning in children was 0.65% Uganda Cardozo and Mugerwa (1972) [63 ] Mulago Hospital, Kampala Jan–Dec 1970 Retrospective hospital based case review Acute poisoning 70 48 cases were children, accounting for 0.75% of total paediatric admissions for the period; most admissions were for kerosene ingestion Uganda Kinyanda et al. (2004) [64 ] Kampala Nov 2001–Oct 2002 Case-control study Deliberate self-harm (DSH) 100 cases of DSH; 300 controls Poisoning was the most important method used in DSH (65%). Uganda Malangu65 ] Two Hospitals in Kampala Jan–June 2005 Retrospective hospital based case review Acute poisoning 276 Agrochemicals (42.4%) were responsible for most of the admitted cases that presented for treatment, followed by household chemicals (22.1%), carbon monoxide (20%), snakebites (14.1%), and food poisoning (1.4%) Uganda Office of the President (2009) [66 ] Nationwide 2009 Press release Methanol poisoning 27 19 deaths Uganda Digital Journal (2010) [67 ] Southwest Uganda 2010 Media report Methanol poisoning 189 89 deaths United Republic of Tanzania WHO (2009) [4 ] National statistics 2004 Burden of disease estimation Mortality from unintentional poisoning 6.6 deaths per 100,000 persons United Republic of Tanzania Rwiza (1991) [68 ] Usangi Government Hospital Jun 1981 Hospital based case series Datura stramonium food contamination10 No fatalities recorded United Republic of Tanzania Yates et al.69 ] Snake Park Clinic, Meserani Apr 2007–Dec 2009 Clinic based prospective case series Management of snakebites 85 42 cases received antivenom; the case fatality rate was 1% (1 death in a 12-year-old), while 7% had a skin graft or amputation of a limb or digit United Republic of Tanzania Mbakaya et al. 1994 [32 ] Hospitals 1989/1990 Retrospective case review Pesticide poisoning 736 736 cases of organochlorine poisoning during study period United Republic of Tanzania Howlett et al. (1990, 1992) [70 , 71 ] Tarime District 1985 Case review Konzo associated with cassava consumption 118 cases including 2 verified deaths United Republic of Tanzania Mlingi et al. (1991) [72 ] Msasi District 1988 Case review Konzo associated with cassava consumption 3 United Republic of Tanzania Mlingi et al. (2011) [73 ] Mbinga District 2001/2002 & 2002/2003 Konzo associated with cassava consumption 24 cases (Mbinga) United Republic of Tanzania Ndosi et al. (2004) [74 ] Muhimbili Hospital, Dar Es Salaam Prospective study of suicides Poisoning 100 suicides 69% used poisoning, predominantly using antimalarials and pesticides Zambia WHO (2009) [4 ] National statistics 2004 Burden of disease estimation Mortality from unintentional poisoning 4.8 deaths per 100,000 persons Zambia Gill (1979) [75 ] Hospitals in Chingola and Chililabombwe Dec 1975–Jan 1978 Case series Mushroom poisoning 14 The case fatality rate 14% Zambia Bhushan et al.76 ] University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka 1978 Retrospective hospital based case review Accidental poisoning 378 Case fatality rate of 0.5% with paraffin poisoning accounting for the largest proportion of admissions (57.1%), food poisoning (18.3%), household poisons (11%), and medicines (10.8%) Zambia Gernaat et al. (1998) [77 ] St. Paul’s Hospital, Nchelenge 4 years Combined retrospective and prospective study of admissions Poisoning 6412 Main prevalence of snakebite was in ages of 4–14 yrs Zambia Sinclair et al. (1989) [78 ] Hospital 16 months Case series of nontraumatic coma Poisoning 170 Organophosphate poisoning, a significant cause Zimbabwe WHO (2009) [4 ] National statistics 2004 Burden of disease estimation Mortality from unintentional poisoning 8 deaths per 100,000 people Zimbabwe Nhachi and Kasilo (1992) [79 ] Six referral hospitals in Zimbabwe 1980–1989 Retrospective hospital case review Admitted cases of poisoning 6018 Case fatality rate was 15% Zimbabwe Tagwireyi et al. (2002) [80 ] Eight referral hospitals in Zimbabwe Jan 1998–Dec 1999 Retrospective hospital case review Admitted cases of poisoning 2764 Case fatality rate was 4.4% for all cases Zimbabwe Tagwireyi et al. (2006) [81 ] Six district hospitals and one provincial hospital Jan 1998–Dec 1999 Retrospective hospital case review Admitted cases of poisoning 711 district hospital cases and 341 provincial cases Case fatality rate was 4.8% (district hospitals) and 4.7% (provincial hospital) Zimbabwe Dong and Simon82 ] Parirenyatwa hospital Jan 1995–Nov 2000 Retrospective hospital case review Organophosphate poisoning 599 Most cases were due to deliberate self-poisoning (74%) Zimbabwe Kasilo et al.83 ] Six referral hospitals 1980–1989 Retrospective hospital case review Organophosphate poisoning 606 Most cases were due to deliberate self-poisoning (75%) Zimbabwe Nhachi (1988) [84 ] One referral hospital and one district hospital Jan 1981–Dec 1986 Retrospective hospital case review Organophosphate poisoning 161 (urban); 11 (rural) Most cases (83%) were intentional poisoning from urban and for rural centre most (70%) were accidental Zimbabwe Nyazema (1984) [85 ] Two central hospitals and Government Analyst Laboratory 1971–1982 Retrospective case review Number of cases of traditional medicine poisoning ? 297 cases admitted to Harare hospital for the period from 1971 to 1982 Zimbabwe Kasilo and Nhachi (1992) [86 , 87 ] Six referral hospitals 1980–1989 Retrospective hospital case review Traditional medicines poisoning 1456 Case fatality rate was 6% Zimbabwe Tagwireyi and Ball88 ] Parirenyatwa Central Hospital Jan 1995–Dec 1999 Retrospective hospital case review Traditional medicines poisoning in adults 16 No deaths reported Zimbabwe Tagwireyi et al. (2002) [89 ] Eight referral hospitals in Zimbabwe Jan 1998–Dec 1999 Retrospective hospital case review Traditional medicines poisoning in adults 63 Case fatality rate was 9.5% Zimbabwe Tagwireyi and Ball (2002) [88 ] Parirenyatwa Central Hospital Jan 1995–Dec 1999 Retrospective hospital case review Elephant’s Ear poisoning 15 Clinical presentation and management of Elephant’s Ear poisoning was described Zimbabwe Flegg (1981) [90 ] Mar 1980–Mar 1981 Retrospective hospital case review Mushroom poisoning 50 Case fatality rate was 12% Zimbabwe Tagwireyi et al. (2002) [91 ] Eight referral hospitals in Zimbabwe Jan 1998–Dec 1999 Retrospective hospital case review Acute poisoning in children (0–12 yrs) 761 97.5% admissions due to accidental poisoning Zimbabwe Chitsike (1994) [92 ] Intensive care unit, Parirenyatwa Hospital 1990-1991 Retrospective hospital case review Severe acute poisoning in children 42 Household chemicals especially paraffin responsible for largest proportion of admissions (26.2%) Zimbabwe Kasilo and Nhachi (1992) [86 , 87 ] Six referral hospitals 1980–1989 Retrospective hospital case review Acute poisoning in children (0–15 yrs) 2873 Most cases accidental (93.4%) Zimbabwe Blaylock (1982) [93 ] Triangle District Hospital Jan 1975–Jun 1981 Retrospective hospital case review Snakebite 250 Case fatality rate of 0.4% Zimbabwe Geddes and Thomas (1985) [94 ] ? Case report Snakebite 1 Patient survived Zimbabwe Kasilo and Nhachi (1993) [95 , 96 ] Six referral hospitals 1980–1989 Retrospective hospital case review Snakebite 995 Case fatality rate was 1.8% Zimbabwe Muguti et al.97 ] Mpilo Central Hospital Jan 1990–Jun 1992 Retrospective hospital case review Snakebite 83 Case fatality rate was 5% Zimbabwe Nhachi and Kasilo (1994) [98 , 99 ] Jan 1991–Dec 1992 Prospective Snakebite poisoning 274 Case fatality rate was 1.8% Zimbabwe Muguti and Dube (1998) [100 ] Mpilo Central Hospital ? Case report Snakebite from the vine snake (Thelotornis capensis oatessi) 1 Patient survived Zimbabwe Tagwireyi et al. (2004, 2011) [101 , 102 ] Eight referral hospitals Jan 1998–Dec 1999 Retrospective hospital case review Snakebite 273 Case fatality rate was 2.9% Zimbabwe Nhachi and Kasilo (1994) [98 , 99 ] Six referral hospitals 1980–1989 Retrospective hospital case review Household chemical poisoning 1192 Majority of the cases (61.3%) occurred in the 0–5 years age group Zimbabwe Tagwireyi et al. (2006) [103 ] Eight referral hospitals Jan 1998–Dec 1999 Retrospective hospital case review Paraffin (Kerosene) poisoning 327 Most exposure instances (91.7%) occurred accidentally, with only 6.7% resulting from deliberate ingestion of the chemical Zimbabwe Bergman (1997) [104 , 105 ] Rural clinics in Gwanda South District Sep 1991–Sep 1993 Prospective hospital and clinic based survey Parabuthus transvaalicus scorpionism Case fatality rate was 0.3%; the mortality rate in the district was 2.8 per 100 000 per year Zimbabwe Saunders and Morar (1990) [106 ] Case report Scorpion sting 1 Patient survived without any specific scorpion antivenin administration Zimbabwe Nhachi and Kasilo (1993) [107 ] Six referral hospitals 1980–1989 Retrospective hospital case review Scorpion and insects poisoning 92 In scorpion sting/bite admissions, bees (44.6%), wasps (8.7%), and spiders (8,7%) accounted for most of the exposure instances Zimbabwe Tagwireyi and Ball (2011) [108 ] Eight referral hospitals 1998-1999 Retrospective hospital case review Scorpion envenomation 29 No fatalities Zimbabwe Kasilo and Nhachi (1994) [109 ] Six referral hospitals 1980–1989 Retrospective hospital case review Food poisoning 487 Case fatality rate was 2.5% Zimbabwe Tagwireyi et al. (2000) [110 ] A provincial hospital 1999 Case report Cantharidin poisoning due to blister beetle ingestion 1 Patient survived Zimbabwe Nhachi et al. (1992) [111 ] Six referral hospitals 1980–1989 Retrospective hospital case review Therapeutic drugs poisoning 1061 Pharmaceutical poisoning admissions resulted from mainly accidental exposure (63.5%) Zimbabwe Queen et al. 112 ] May 1987–April 1995 Retrospective hospital case review Chloroquine overdose ? Preponderance of females taking chloroquine in overdose, compared to other overdoses and toxic exposure, was reported (OR 1.99; 95% CI 1.31–3.04; Zimbabwe McKenzie (1996) [113 ] Nov 1990–Oct 1994 Retrospective hospital case review Chloroquine overdose 29 Case fatality rate of 20.7% Zimbabwe Ball et al. (2002) [114 ] Eight referral hospitals Jan 1998–Dec 1999 Retrospective hospital case review Chloroquine poisoning 544 (chloroquine 279) Case fatality rate due to chloroquine poisoning significantly higher than that of poisoning due to other drugs (5.7% versus 0.7%; Zimbabwe Tagwireyi et al. (2006) [81 ] Six referral hospitals and one provincial hospital Jan 1998–Dec 1999 Retrospective hospital case review Differences and similarities in poisoning admissions in urban and rural health centres 711 (district hospital); 341 (provincial hospital) Case fatality rate for district hospitals was 4.8% Zimbabwe Tagwireyi et al. (2006) [115 ] Eight referral hospitals Jan 1998–Dec 1999 Retrospective hospital case review Pesticide poisoning 914 Almost half (49.1%) resulted from oral exposure to rodenticides, 42.2% from anticholinesterase-type pesticides (AChTP) Zimbabwe Kasilo and Nhachi (1993) [96 ] Six referral hospitals 1980–1989 Retrospective hospital case review Metal poisoning 40 Copper accounted for the largest proportion (27.5%)
