Assessment of Pharmaceuticals, Personal Care Products, and Hormones in Wastewater Treatment Plants Receiving Inflows from Health Facilities in North West Province, South Africa

Table 1

Concentrations of different types of pharmaceuticals in HWW from the reviewed studies.

Compound	HWW (g/L)
	Range	Reference
Antibiotics
Ciprofloxacin	0.85-2	Brown et al., 2006 [21]
	2.0-83	Kümmerer et al., 2001 [22]
	3.6-101	Lindberg et al., 2004 [23]
Ofloxacin	2.905	Chang et al., 2010 [24]
	6.67	Gros et al., 2013 [25]
	2.20	Passerat et al., 2010 [26]
Nalidixic acid	0.186	Lin et al., 2008 [27]
	<0.002-<0.005	Gros et al.,2013 [25]
Tetracycline	<0.015-4.178	Thomas et al., 2007 [28]
	<0.002-0.455	Lin & Tsai, 2009 [29]
	<0.007-0.033	Verlicchi et al., 2012a [30]
Chloramphenicol	<0.004-0.036	Verlicchi et al., 2012a [30]
	0.001	Lin et al., 2008 [31]
	<0.5	Ohlsen et al., 2003 [32]
Hormones
Estrone	0.007-0.04	Thomas et al., 2007 [28]
	<0.01	Lin et al., 2008 [31]
	0.025-0.415	Lin & Tsai, 2009 [29]
17β-estradiol	<0.003-0.072	Thomas et al.,2007 [28]
	<0.025-0.23	Thomas et al., 2007 [28]
	<0.01	Lin et al., 2008 [31]
Estriol	0.18-0.785	Thomas et al.,2007 [28]
	4.651	Lin et al., 2008 [31]
17α-ethinylestradiol	<0.003	Thomas et al., 2007 [28]
	<0.025-0.432	Lin & Tsai, 2009 [29]
	<0.0004	Perrodin et al., 2013 [33]
Beta-blockers
Atenolol	0.045-0.0053	Langford & Thomas, 2009 [34]
	0.1-122	Gómez et al., 2006 [35]
	2.2-6.6	Verlicchi et al., 2012b [36]
Disinfectants
Triclosan	<0.044	Kosma et al., 2010 [37]
Lipid modifying agents
Bezafibrate	<0.001-2.9	Verlicchi et al., 2012 [30]
Analgesics
Diclofenac	0.06-1.9	Gómez et al., 2006 [35]
	0.17-0.53	Verlicchi et al., 2012 [30]
	0.028-6.88	Sim et al., 2011 [38]
Acetaminophen	0.5-29	Gómez et al., 2006 [35]
	1.4-5.9	Verlicchi et al., 2012b [36]
	0.271-63.1	Sim et al., 2011 [37]
Ibuprofen	7-8.93	Kosma et al., 2010 [37]
	1.5-151	Gómez et al., 2006 [35]
	0.069-8.957	Thomas et al., 2007 [28]
Ketoprofen	0.2-0.35	Langford & Thomas, 2009 [34]
	1.1-9.8	Verlicchi et al., 2012 [30]
	<0.01-0.23	Lin & Tsai, 2009 [29]