Role of Phytoremediation in Reducing Cadmium Toxicity in Soil and Water

Table 2

Sources and permissible limits of Cd [49–52].

Natural Sources	Industrial Sources	Uses	Permissible limit (mg L^−1)
Coal combustion, iron and; steel production,; phosphate fertilizer; manufacture and use,; and zinc production,; volcanic activities	Zinc smelting,; mining, waste; batteries, e-waste,; fuel combustion,; manufacturing of alloys, pigments and dyes, textile operations etc.	Electroplating of steel,; Ni-Cd batteries,; cellular telephones, Laptop; computers and camcorders	0.003 (IS 10500); 0.003 (WHO); 0.005 (USEPA); 0.005 (EU Standard); 0.002 (NHMRC, Australia)