Research Article
An Evaluation of the Genotoxicity and Subchronic Oral Toxicity of Synthetic Curcumin
Table 12
Summary of urinalysis parameters.
| Parameters | Group mg/kg bw/day | Vehicle 0 | 250 | 500 | 1000 | Ref Item 1000 |
| | Males |
| Colour | | | | | | Light Yellow | 20/20 | 16/20 | 12/20 | 19/20 | 20/20 | Yellow | - | 4/20 | 1/20 | 1/20 | - | Other | - | - | 7/20 | - | - |
| Appearance | | | | | | Clear | 20/20 | 20/20 | 20/20 | 20/20 | 20/20 |
| Glucose | | | | | | Negative | 20/20 | 20/20 | 19/20 | 20/20 | 20/20 | 100 | - | - | 1/20 | - | - |
| Protein | | | | | | Negative | 18/20 | 4/20 | 2/20 | 18/20 | 20/20 | 10 | 2/20 | - | 3/20 | 1/20 | - | 30 | - | 1/20 | 6/20 | 1/20 | - | 100 | - | 9/20 | 7/20 | - | - | 300 | - | 3/20 | 1/20 | - | - | 1000 | - | 3/20 | 1/20 | - | - |
| Ketones Bodies | | | | | | Negative | 15/20 | 19/20 | 15/20 | 16/20 | 13/20 | 5 | 2/20 | 1/20 | 1/20 | 2/20 | 5/20 | 10 | 3/20 | - | 4/20 | 2/20 | 2/20 |
| Bilirubin | | | | | | Negative | 20/20 | 19/20 | 18/20 | 20/20 | 20/20 | 0.5 | - | 1/20 | 1/20 | - | - | 3.0 | - | - | 1/20 | - | - |
| Urobilinogen | | | | | | Normal | 20/20 | 20/20 | 17/20 | 20/20 | 20/20 | 1.0 | - | - | 2/20 | - | - | 12.0 | - | - | 1/20 | - | - |
| Nitrite | | | | | | Negative | 7/20 | 2/20 | 11/20 | 12/20 | 10/20 | Positive | 13/20 | 18/20 | 9/20 | 8/20 | 10/20 |
| Specific Gravity | | | | | | 1.005 | 4/20 | 8/20 | 4/20 | 3/20 | 4/20 | 1.010 | 10/20 | 10/20 | 14/20 | 14/20 | 13/20 | 1.015 | 6/20 | 2/20 | 2/20 | 3/20 | 3/20 |
| pH | | | | | | 6.5 | 1/20 | - | - | - | - | 7.0 | 2/20 | - | 1/20 | - | 3/20 | 7.5 | 5/20 | 8/20 | 3/20 | 10/20 | 7/20 | 8.0 | 6/20 | 6/20 | 11/20 | 4/20 | 5/20 | 8.5 | 1/20 | 4/20 | 3/20 | 3/20 | 4/20 | 9.0 | 5/20 | 2/20 | 2/20 | 3/20 | 1/20 |
| Occult Blood | | | | | | Negative | 20/20 | 20/20 | 17/20 | 19/20 | 19/20 | 5 | - | - | 3/20 | - | 1/20 | 10 | - | - | - | 1/20 | - |
| Leucocytes | | | | | | Negative | 20/20 | 20/20 | 20/20 | 19/20 | 20/20 | 10 | - | - | - | 1/20 | - | Microscopy | | | | | | Epithelial Cell | | | | | | 0 | 3/20 | 3/20 | 3/20 | 3/20 | 1/20 | 1+ | 14/20 | 12/20 | 8/20 | 13/20 | 14/20 | 2+ | 3/20 | 5/20 | 8/20 | 3/20 | 3/20 | 3+ | - | - | 1/20 | 1/20 | 2/20 | Casts/Crystals | | | | | | 1+ | 6/20 | 4/20 | 6/20 | 7/20 | 11/20 | 2+ | 1/20 | 12/20 | 7/20 | 4/20 | 4/20 | 3+ | 4/20 | 4/20 | 7/20 | 2/20 | 1/20 | 4+ | 9/20 | - | - | 7/20 | 4/20 | Abnormal Cells | | | | | | NIL | 20/20 | 20/20 | 20/20 | 20/20 | 20/20 |
| | Females |
| Colour | | | | | | Light Yellow | 20/20 | 20/20 | 20/20 | 18/20 | 20/20 | Yellow | - | - | - | 2/20 | - |
| Appearance | | | | | | Clear | 20/20 | 20/20 | 20/20 | 20/20 | 20/20 |
| Glucose | | | | | | Negative | 20/20 | 20/20 | 20/20 | 20/20 | 20/20 |
| Protein | | | | | | Negative | 14/20 | 12/20 | 19/20 | 12/20 | 16/20 | 10 | 2/20 | 3/20 | 1/20 | 5/20 | 2/20 | 30 | - | 1/20 | - | 1/20 | 2/20 | 100 | 2/20 | 4/20 | - | 2/20 | - | 1000 | 2/20 | - | - | - | - |
| Ketones Bodies | | | | | | Negative | 20/20 | 20/20 | 20/20 | 20/20 | 20/20 |
| Bilirubin | | | | | | Negative | 20/20 | 20/20 | 20/20 | 20/20 | 20/20 |
| Urobilinogen | | | | | | Normal | 20/20 | 20/20 | 20/20 | 20/20 | 20/20 |
| Nitrite | | | | | | Negative | 4/20 | 5/20 | 5/20 | 6/20 | 18/20 | Positive | 16/20 | 15/20 | 15/20 | 14/20 | 2/20 | Specific Gravity | | | | | | 1.005 | 3/20 | 2/20 | 2/20 | 4/20 | 3/20 | 1.010 | 8/20 | 16/20 | 11/20 | 11/20 | 15/20 | 1.015 | 9/20 | 2/20 | 7/20 | 5/20 | 2/20 |
| pH | | | | | | 5.5 | 1/20 | - | - | - | - | 6.0 | 1/20 | - | - | - | - | 6.5 | 3/20 | - | - | 1/20 | - | 7.0 | 2/20 | 1/20 | 3/20 | 2/20 | - | 7.5 | 2/20 | 4/20 | 3/20 | 3/20 | 5/20 | 8.0 | 3/20 | 9/20 | 7/20 | 6/20 | 7/20 | 8.5 | 3/20 | 4/20 | 2/20 | 5/20 | 7/20 | 9.0 | 5/20 | 2/20 | 5/20 | 3/20 | 1/20 |
| Occult Blood | | | | | | Negative | 19/20 | 18/20 | 20/20 | 14/20 | 17/20 | 5 | 1/20 | - | - | 2/20 | 2/20 | 10 | - | - | - | 2/20 | - | 50 | - | 1/20 | - | 2/20 | 1/20 | 250 | - | 1/20 | - | - | - |
| Leucocytes | | | | | | Negative | 17/20 | 20/20 | 20/20 | 20/20 | 20/20 |
| Microscopy | | | | | | Epithelial Cell | | | | | | 0 | 1/20 | - | - | 4/20 | 2/20 | 1+ | 12/20 | 14/20 | 14/20 | 7/20 | 9/20 | 2+ | 7/20 | 6/20 | 6/20 | 8/20 | 6/20 | 3+ | - | - | - | 1/20 | 3/20 | Casts/Crystals | | | | | | 1+ | 5/20 | 5/20 | 4/20 | 5/20 | 3/20 | 2+ | 9/20 | 11/20 | 12/20 | 12/20 | 9/20 | 3+ | 6/20 | 4/20 | 4/20 | 3/20 | 8/20 | Abnormal Cells | | | | | | NIL | 20/20 | 20/20 | 20/20 | 20/20 | 20/20 |
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