Genotoxicity of Copper and Nickel Nanoparticles in Somatic Cells of Drosophila melanogaster
Table 3
Genotoxicity data obtained from the Drosophila wing-spot test experiments with nickel nanoparticles (NiNPs) and microparticles (NiMPs). Results from mwh/flr3 wings.
Compound, concentration (mM)
Small single spots (1-2 cells) (m = 2)
Large single spots (>2 cells) (m = 5)
Twin spots (m = 5)
Total spots (m = 2)
Frequency of clone formation per 105 cells
No
Fr
D
No
Fr
D
No
Fr
D
No
Fr
D
NiNPs
Control
20
0.25
1
0.01
1
0.01
22
0.28
1.15
1
26
0.33
i
2
0.03
i
0
0.00
28
0.35
i
1.43
5
32
0.40
i
1
0.01
i
1
0.01
i
34
0.43
i
1.76
10
43
0.54
+
5
0.06
i
1
0.01
i
49
0.61
+
2.50
EMS
1
202
2.53
+
57
0.71
+
40
0.50
+
321
4.01
+
16.43
NiMPs
Control
30
0.38
2
0.03
1
0.01
33
0.41
1.68
1
35
0.44
-
1
0.01
i
2
0.03
-
38
0.48
-
1.97
5
26
0.33
-
4
0.05
i
0
0.00
31
0.39
i
1.60
10
25
0.31
-
2
0.03
i
1
0.01
i
29
0.36
i
1.47
EMS
1
170
2.13
+
31
0.39
+
26
0.33
+
245
3.06
+
12.54
No: number of spots, Fr: frequency, D: statistical diagnosis, +: positive, -: negative, i: inconclusive, m: multiplication factor, probability levels, = = 0.05; 80 wings were analysed for each concentration (40 individuals).
