|
Food contaminants | Possible hazards | References |
|
Metals/metalloids |
|
Lead | Complications in the nervous system and red blood cells | [27] |
| Reduction in cognitive development and intellectual performance | [28] |
| Death among children | [29] |
|
Cadmium | Renal tubular dysfunction, associated with high risk of lung and breast cancer | [30] |
| Osteomalacia and osteoporosis | |
|
Arsenic | Associated with dermal, respiratory, nervous, mutagenic, and carcinogenic effects | [31] |
|
Nickel | Associated with dermatotoxicity, lower body weight, and fetotoxicity among pregnant women | [32] |
|
Mercury | Linked to cardiovascular, reproductive, and developmental toxicity, neurotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, immunotoxicity, and carcinogenicity | [33] |
|
Mycotoxins |
|
Aflatoxin | Immunodeficiency | [34] |
| Aflatoxicosis | [35] |
| Primary hepatocellular carcinoma | [36] |
| Liver cirrhosis | [37] |
|
Ochratoxin | Nephropathy | [38] |
|
Deoxynivalenol | Impaired intestinal integrity | [39] |
| Impaired gut-associated immune system | |
|
Zearalenone | Hyperestrogenism and reproductive dysfunction | [40] |
|
Fumonisins | Esophageal cancer and birth defects | [41] |
|
Antimicrobials |
|
Tetracyclines | Impaired intestinal flora | [42] |
|
Quinolones | Drug-resistant pathogens | [43] |
|
Macrolides | Hypersensitivity and anaphylactic shock | [44] |
|
Sulfonamides | Kidney damage and nephropathy | [45] |
|
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) |
|
Benzo[a]pyrene | Mutagenicity and carcinogenicity | [46] |
| DNA damage and oxidative stress | [47] |
| Impaired male fertility | [48] |
| Respiratory diseases | [49] |
| Cognitive dysfunction among children | [50] |
|
Pesticides |
|
Chlorpyrifos | Neurological symptoms | [51] |
|
DDTs | Neurological symptoms | [52] |
| Endocrine disruption | [53] |
|
DDT and other OCPs | Infertility and fetal malformation | [54] |
|
Dioxins and polychlorinated biphenyls |
|
Dioxins and PCBs | Language delay | [55] |
| Disturbances in mental and motor development | [56] |
|
PCBs | Neurological disorders | [57] |
|