A Toxicological Evaluation of Mango Leaf Extract (Mangifera indica) Containing 60% Mangiferin
Table 1
Summary of the results of the bacterial reverse mutation test, initial mutation test.
Initial Mutation Test (Plate Incorporation Test)
Concentrations (μg/plate)
Salmonella typhimurium tester strains
Escherichia coli
TA 98
TA 100
TA 1535
TA 1537
WP2uvrA
-S9
+S9
-S9
+S9
-S9
+S9
-S9
+S9
-S9
+S9
Mean values of revertants per plate mutation rate (MR)
Mean
MR
Mean
MR
Mean
MR
Mean
MR
Mean
MR
Mean
MR
Mean
MR
Mean
MR
Mean
MR
Mean
MR
Untreated Control
21.0
1.34
17.7
1.06
87.3
1.24
88.0
1.00
15.3
1.00
13.0
1.11
8.7
1.18
8.3
1.09
30.0
1.08
39.3
1.19
DMSO Control
15.7
1.00
16.7
1.00
70.3
1.00
87.7
1.00
15.3
1.00
11.7
1.00
7.3
1.00
7.7
1.00
27.7
1.00
33.0
1.00
Ultrapure Water Control
–
–
–
–
68.3
1.00
–
–
11.7
1.00
–
–
–
–
–
–
31.3
1.00
–
–
5000
22.0
1.40
31.3
1.88
68.2
0.97
86.8
0.99
11.7
0.76
13.3
1.14
7.8
1.07
11.8
1.54
21.3
0.77
19.8
0.60
1600
24.0
1.53
30.3
1.82
68.3
0.97
76.0
0.87
11.3
0.74
11.3
0.97
8.7
1.18
8.3
1.09
25.3
0.92
28.3
0.86
500
20.7
1.32
22.7
1.36
71.3
1.01
69.3
0.79
14.7
0.96
16.3
1.40
6.7
0.91
10.3
1.35
30.3
1.10
32.3
0.98
160
18.0
1.15
19.0
1.14
62.0
0.88
83.3
0.95
11.3
0.74
14.7
1.26
7.7
1.05
8.3
1.09
33.7
1.22
30.7
0.93
50
16.7
1.06
20.3
1.22
75.3
1.07
94.0
1.07
15.3
1.00
12.0
1.03
9.3
1.27
12.0
1.57
28.0
1.01
32.7
0.99
16
20.7
1.32
27.0
1.62
71.3
1.01
102.0
1.16
13.7
0.89
13.7
1.17
10.7
1.45
9.7
1.26
23.7
0.86
36.3
1.10
NPD (4 μg)16
364.0
23.23
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
SAZ (2 μg)
–
–
–
–
797.3
11.67
–
–
1162.7
99.66
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
9AA (50 μg)
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
604.7
82.45
–
–
–
–
–
–
MMS (2 μL)
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
816.0
26.04
–
–
2AA (2 μg)
–
–
1160.0
69.60
–
–
1938.7
22.11
–
–
152.3
13.06
–
–
109.7
14.30
–
–
–
–
2AA (50 μg)
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
154.0
4.67
2AA: 2-aminoanthracene; 9AA: 9-aminoacridine; MMS: methyl methanesulfonate; MR: mutation rate; NPD: 4-nitro-1,2-phenylenediamine; SAZ: sodium azide. DMSO was the vehicle of the test item and positive control substances: NPD, 9AA, and 2AA; ultrapure water was the vehicle for the SAZ and MMS. The mutation rates of the test item, untreated, and positive controls were calculated using the data from their respective vehicle controls.