A Toxicological Evaluation of Methylliberine (Dynamine®)

Table 1

Results of the initial mutation test.

Concentrations (µg/plate)	Salmonella typhimurium tester strains																Escherichia coli
	TA 98				TA 100				TA 1535				TA 1537				WP2uvrA
	−S9		+S9		−S9		+S9		−S9		+S9		−S9		+S9		−S9		+S9
Mean number of revertants per plate Mutation rate	Mean	MR	Mean	MR	Mean	MR	Mean	MR	Mean	MR	Mean	MR	Mean	MR	Mean	MR	Mean	MR	Mean	MR
Untreated Control	18.7	1.02	30.7	1.10	69.7	1.00	97.0	1.06	8.3	0.96	13.7	0.85	9.0	1.17	6.3	0.90	21.0	1.07	33.3	0.97
DMSO Control	18.3	1.00	28.0	1.00	70.0	1.00	91.3	1.00	8.7	1.00	16.0	1.00	7.7	1.00	7.0	1.00	19.7	1.00	34.3	1.00
Ultrapure Water Control	—	—	—	—	79.3	1.00	—	—	8.7	1.00	—	—	—	—	—	—	22.3	1.00	—	—
Test item
5000	22.3	1.22	17.3	0.62	27.7	0.40	21.3	0.23	8.7	1.00	7.7	0.48	5.0	0.65	8.7	1.24	20.7	1.05	20.0	0.58
1600	23.7	1.29	15.7	0.56	61.7	0.88	58.0	0.64	9.3	1.08	10.0	0.63	7.7	1.00	8.0	1.14	22.0	1.12	29.3	0.85
500	19.3	1.05	28.0	1.00	70.0	1.00	80.0	0.88	13.7	1.58	14.3	0.90	7.3	0.96	8.3	1.19	17.3	0.88	34.0	0.99
160	18.7	1.02	23.7	0.85	77.3	1.10	97.3	1.07	10.0	1.15	15.3	0.96	6.3	0.83	7.0	1.00	21.0	1.07	25.0	0.73
50	20.0	1.09	21.7	0.77	63.0	0.90	88.7	0.97	10.3	1.19	14.0	0.88	7.3	0.96	8.0	1.14	18.7	0.95	24.0	0.70
16	19.7	1.07	27.7	0.99	63.0	0.90	84.3	0.92	7.3	0.85	14.3	0.90	6.3	0.83	10.3	1.48	21.0	1.07	28.7	0.83
5	18.0	0.98	24.0	0.86	63.0	0.90	83.3	0.91	12.0	1.38	14.3	0.90	6.3	0.83	8.7	1.24	18.0	0.92	28.7	0.83
Positive controls
NPD (4 μg/plate)	778.7	42.47	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
SAZ (2 μg/plate)	—	—	—	—	1546.7	19.50	—	—	1301.3	150.15	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
9AA (50 μg/plate)	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	396.0	51.65	—	—	—	—	—	—
MMS (2 μL/plate)	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	1600.0	71.64	—	—
2AA (2 μg/plate)	—	—	2213.3	79.05	—	—	2090.7	22.89	—	—	162.7	10.17	—	—	124.7	17.81	—	—	—	—
2AA (50 μg/plate)	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	164.7	4.80

Abbreviations: MR, mutation rate; DMSO, dimethyl sulfoxide; NPD, 4-nitro-1,2-phenylenediamine; SAZ, sodium azide; 9AA, 9-aminoacridine; MMS, methyl methanesulfonate; 2AA, 2-aminoanthracene. Remarks: DMSO was applied as vehicle of the test item and the positive control substances: NPD, 9AA, and 2AA. Ultrapure water was applied as vehicle for the positive control substances: SAZ and MMS. The mutation rates of the test item, untreated control, NPD, 9AA, and 2AA are given referring to DMSO. The mutation rates of the SAZ and MMS positive controls are given referring to the ultrapure water.