Hepatic and Renal Toxicity Induced by TiO2 Nanoparticles in Rats: A Morphological and Metabonomic Study
Table 3
Controls
0.5g/kg TiO2
1g/kg TiO2
4g/kg TiO2
16g/kg TiO2
4 days
Hepatic function
Total bilirubin (mg/dl)
0.2±0.01
0.22±0.04
0.2±0.01
0.22±0.04
0.32±0.1
Albumin (g/dl)
3.38±0.3
3.34±0.15
3.16±0.31
3.04±0.33
2.92±0.31
AST (IU/L)
62.6±12.4
63±12.8
84.4±21.7
101.2±26.3
120.2±20.1
ALT (IU/L)
15.6±6
10±0.1
15.6±10.3
10±0.1
11±2.24
Renal function
Total proteins (g/dl)
5.32±0.28
5.06±0.015
5.16±0.15
4.52±0.33
4.72±0.28
BUN (mg/dl)
13±4.1
20.4±4.9
8.8±1.8
9.8±3.35
22.8±11.5
Uric acid (mg/dl)
1.1±0.17
1.04±0.05
1.18±0.13
1.14±0.17
1.4±0.16
Creatinine (mg/dl)
0.32±0.04
0.3±0.01
0.3±0.01
0.32±0.04
0.38±0.08
1 month
Hepatic function
Total bilirubin (mg/dl)
0.22±0.04
0.22±0.04
0.22±0.04
0.22±0.05
0.2±0.01
Albumin (g/dl)
3.56±0.34
0.06±0.01
4.08±0.45
3.75±0.6
3.4±0.7
AST (IU/L)
68±20.6
64.5±13.1
62.6±26.3
58.75±15.8
97±35.8
ALT (IU/L)
14±3.8
13.5±0.3
13.4±3.2
12±4
19±7.8
Renal function
Total proteins (g/dl)
5.84±0.7
4.36±0.21
6.3±0.63
5.75±0.8
5.43±0.9
BUN (mg/dl)
20.2±4.1
20.5±3.8
15.8±1.9
18±2.6
19.66±3.05
Uric acid (mg/dl)
1.34±0.19
1.33±0.08
1.02±0.04
1.1±0.14
1.26±0.12
Creatinine (mg/dl)
0.46±0.1
0.43±0.11
0.42±0.13
0.4±0.2
0.5±0.1
2 months
Hepatic function
Total bilirubin (mg/dl)
0.2±0.01
0.2±0.01
0.2±0.01
0.23±0.01
0.2±0.01
Albumin (g/dl)
3.36±0.08
3.3±0
3.26±0.15
3.42±0.1
3.39±0.1
AST (IU/L)
46.66±9.01
64±8.8
65.4±14.1
88.6±19.3
81.75±15.6
ALT (IU/L)
17±2
12.4±1.9
18.8±7
16.2±5.7
15±2.1
Renal function
Total proteins (g/dl)
6.03±0.31
5.6±0.04
5.7±0.2
5.35±0.08
5.6±0.1
BUN (mg/dl)
20±3.33
22.8±2.24
21.8±0.64
16.5±1.65
19.5±2.3
Uric acid (mg/dl)
1.06±0.08
1.18±0.1
1.5±0.2
1.23±0.1
1.67±0.14
Creatinine (mg/dl)
0.43±0.08
0.5±0
0.46±0.07
0.48±0.08
0.55±0.07
Summary table of average renal and hepatic enzyme levels (as mean ± SD) according to different exposure times to TiO2 NPs. Significantly different from control ( p ≤ 0.05).